Friday, October 31, 2008

Understanding Governance

(a) How far were concerns over Singapore's defence needs an important reason for the change in population policies in the 1980s? Explain your answer. [12]

Issue : change in population policies in the 1980's
Reasons for change in population policy:
1.concern over Singapore's defence
2. unattractive to Transnational Companies
3. aging population.

Rank: All three reasons play important role and contribute to the change in population policies in the 1980's. But population planning in Singapore has always been linked to economic planning. Therefor the main reasons for the change in population in the 1980's was because Singapore's small population was unattractive to Transnational Companies.

Population planning in Singapore has always been linked to economic planning. The “stop at 2” population policy of 1965–87 was designed to support the economic plans to improve the quality of life of the people. But 1983, however, Singapore switched from this "stop at two" policy to“have 3 or more if you can afford it” policy.
Concerns over Singapore's defence needs was an important reason for the change in population policies in the 1980s but it is not the only one. Singapore is dependent on its own people to provide sufficient manpower for its military defence force. Due to the limited human resources, all able-bodied Singaporean men are required to serve in the nation as part of National Service. With fewer births, it would mean that there will fewer men to recruit for National Service. This would compromise Singapore’s military forces. In turn, it would weaken our defence forces. However with the use of better technology and better training, we have partily overcome this problem. We now need less man in the army but the defence ability has not been compromised. Therefore, concern over Singapore's defence need contribute to the change in population policy but it is not the main reason.

Another reason for the change in population policy is the concern of the ageing population. With fewer babies born each year, there would be fewer young people in the population.Yet at the same time the number of older people would be proportionately larger.This means that the country would be faced with an aging population. Therefor more resources would have to used to take care of the increasing number of senior citizens. At the same time, it would meant that there would be greater strain on the younger ones to support the elderly. The government may have to increase taxes in order to support and provide for the greater number of elderly. Therefore one solution is to encourage large family so that the children will look after the old and not depend on the governmnet. So the concern with aging population is another reason for the change in population.
Although these two reasons, concern for the defence of Singaore and aging population are important, I feel that the most important reason is the concern that TNC has with a small population.
With the success of the stop at two population, there was a decline in Singapore population in the 1980s she became unattractive to transnational companies(TNC). With a shrinking population, it would be translated to limited labour pool. This would in turn result in a situation which could suggest that Singapore would be less likely to produce enough talented people to sustain its development. With less suitable candidates for the TNCs to employ, TNCs may find it difficult to and perhaps more expensive to recruit Singaporeans. This would drive possible investors away from Singapore to countries with a larger labour pool, such as China. This situation can have a dire effect on Singapore’s economic and national development in the long run. Hence, there is a need for Singapore to reverse the population trend, to encourage more births.
The neeed to stay attractive for the TNC is the most imporatnt reason as population planning in Singapore has always been linked to economic planning. If Singapore cannot continue to attract TNC to Sinagpore, it will affect the economic growth and developemnt of Singapore. This will have an impact on Singaore's ability to defence herself and her ability to look after the aging population. With slower economic growth, she will not have the ability to do both.
Therefor the main reasons for the change in population in the 1980's was because Singapore's small population was unattractive to Transnational Companies. If she can increrase her population, she will be able to remain attractive to the TNC which inturn will enavle her to look after the aging population and her defence.
(a) The following are TWO principles of governance:
i. ‘Anticipate change and stay relevant’
ii. ‘A stake for everyone, opportunity for all’
Which is more important in ensuring good governance in Singapore? Explain your answer. [13]

Issue: good governance in Singapore

Factors: (a) Anticipate change and stay relevant
(b) A stake for everyone, opportunity for all



As Singapore is a very small country, she cannot afford to make any mistake. Good governance in Singapore is needed so as to help Singapore face new challenges.

One of the principle of good governance is to anticipate change and stay relevant. Decisions made by the government need to be forward looking.
The government needs to plan and implement policies that would meet the needs of the people in the future and not wait for problems to arise and react to it. For example, NEWater, was introduced to Singaporeans way in advance, prior to the cessation of the contract between Singapore and Malaysia. It allows Singapore to be free and independent in acquiring new water supply. This would ensure that Singapore would not be vulnerable to changes in other countries. By adopting this principle of governance, Singapore will always stay ahead of the rest in the region.In this way, being able to anticipate change and staying relevant will help Singapore to have good governance.

However another important principle of good governance is to ensure that there is a stake for everyone and opportunities for all.Opportunities are made available to all Singaporeans to be more involve in the decision making process in the country. Such actions by the government help to encourage and develops a greater sense of belonging to the country. For example, in 2004, the government consulted the people on the issue of having a casino as part of the integrated resort. There were mixed reaction from the people on ground. The government made considerations into the concerns raised and act upon the issues to address the people's concerns. This action by the government which takes into account the people's feeling and concern helped Singaporeans to recognise their power in the decision making process. With more committed citizens who believe in their government suggest that it would a lot easier to govern the nation. Therefore by ensureing that there is a stake for everyone and opportunities for all, good governance is maintained in Singapore.

I feel that anticipate change and stay relevant is a more important principle then providing a stake for everyone, opportunity for all. Before the government can provide a stake for everyone, the government must ensure that Singapore can face new challeng and thereby continue to grow. In order to ensure that economic development and growth can continue, she has be able to anticipate changes and stay relevent. Once this is done, she is able to anticipate problems, solve them and thereby allow Singaporean to own a part of Singapore. Only when this is done, can we offer opportunities for all to participate in the growth of Singapore.

However even though a stake for everyone, opportunity for all is a secondary principle, it is still important. The governmnet must be seen to be fair, not favouring any group of people. It must be able to get everyone to work together.

In conclusion both principles should be developed in order for Singapore to progress but the ability to anticipate change and staying relevant needs to be developed first.

Thursday, October 30, 2008

What to focus on? the Million dollar question.

Notes from the Ess

Recommendation.

Remember for SEQ you need only answer ONE question.

Below are all the themes for the ss syllabus.They are

1.Singapore as a nation in the world

2.Understanding Governance

3.Conflict and Harmony in Multi Ethnic society

4.Managing International Relations

5.Sustaining Economic development

6.Facing Challenges and Changes

Since theme one is very important, it is not examined. No question will be tested on that. BUT you must read up on that.

You need to study three themes in order to be able to answer that one question.

When I say study three themes, I mean everything inside each theme. YOU CANNOT AFFORD to drop any sub theme.

I recommend theme 2,4,5. so even if 3 and 6 come out, you can still do the last question which must be from 2,4 or 5 right?

Of course you are free to select other combination like 2,3,4 or 4,5,6 or 2,3,5

Just as long as you study three themes you will be able to answer a least ONE question which is what is required in the exam.

REMEMBER:

1.NO Short Cut

2.Study everything within the theme.

3.Reader beware: I am not responsible for your selection of themes. That responsibility lies in your hand.

Click on the label on the blog to go to eachparticular theme

Theme 1. SINGAPORE AS A NATION IN THE WORLD

New nations face political, social and economic challenges to survive and progress in the international community. They need to stay alert and nimble in responding to these challenges. Singapore tries to overcome these challenges through the leadership and common will of its people and by working with other nations.

How do nations come into being and what challenges do they face?

Nationhood and Its Challenges

• What is a nation?

• Challenges faced by new nations such as Singapore

- national identity

- stable government

- social cohesion

- economic development

- defence and security

- diplomacy


Students will be able to:


• explain the concept of nationhood

• discuss challenges faced by new nations

• understand the unique challenges Singapore faced as a newly- independent nation

This theme provides the backdrop for the understanding of subsequent themes and sets Singapore in the context of the world. This theme is non-examinable.


Theme 2.UNDERSTANDING GOVERNANCE

Good governance determines the viability, development and progress of nations. Guided by a set of principles, policies are formulated and implemented to meet the needs of the people and nation. Understanding governance enables us to be aware of the complexities of decision-making in a society and world that faces rapid change.

Why is governance important?

2.1 Policy Process: Formulation and Implementation

2.1.1• Meeting the needs of the people and nation, using the transport policy as an example to examine:

- principles of governance

- roles and responsibilities of the legislature, executive and judiciary

- role of media and feedback channels in the policy process

2.1.2• Case study of Singapore’s population policies to examine policy changes over time

- population policies from the 1970s to the 21st century

- challenges of and responses to ageing population and declining birth rate

2.2.Similar Problems, Different Approaches

2.2.1• A comparative study of public health care policies in Singapore and United Kingdom

- how policies work in different countries

- impact of policies on society and nation

Students will be able to:

• understand the significance of government structure

• recognise the importance of principles of governance in policy formulation and implementation

• evaluate the role of communication channels in policy-making

• recognise that policies change to meet changing needs of society and nation

• recognise that different governments adopt different approaches to solve similar problems

• evaluate the effectiveness of the policies in meeting the health care needs of the people and nation

Theme 3.CONFLICT AND HARMONY IN MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETIES

Different ethnic, religious and cultural groups contribute to the diversity and richness of multi-ethnic societies. However, it is important to be vigilant against the forces of divisiveness that cause conflict and disintegration of societies. Common bonds should be strengthened to unite the people as a nation

Why is harmony in a multi-ethnic society important to the development and viability of a nation?

3.1 Discord and Disunity

3.1.1• Case studies of Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland

i. - causes of conflict among ethnic and religious groups

ii. - manifestations of conflicts

iii. - impact of conflicts on political, social and economic development

iv. - efforts to resolve the conflicts

3.2 Social Cohesion and Harmony

3.2.1• Case study of Singapore

3.2.1.1- internal and external threats e.g. Race Riots in Singapore, terrorism

3.2.1.2- managing ethnic diversity and its challenges

i. addressing the needs of the different ethnic groups e.g. policy of minority representation

ii. integrating the ethnic groups in society e.g. forging national identity, developing common space


3.2.2• benefits of a harmonious multi-ethnic society

Students will be able to:

• explain why conflicts exist among different ethnic and religious groups

• analyse the political, economic and social impact of ethnic and religious conflicts on the people and nation

• value the need for non-violent approaches like negotiation, mediation and cooperation in resolving conflicts

• explain the internal and external threats to Singapore’s harmony

• recognise the need for ethnic and religious sensitivities and tolerance
• explain how social cohesion and racial and religious harmony can be achieved in a multi-ethnic society

• appreciate living in a multi-ethnic society


Theme 4.MANAGING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS


Conflicts among nations exist as countries strive to safeguard their national interests. When deterrent and diplomatic measures fail to resolve conflicts, war can result. World and regional organisations like the United Nations play crucial roles in resolving conflict among nations. World security is further complicated by new threats such as transnational terrorism which is a challenge to all nations in achieving peace and prosperity.

How important is deterrence and diplomacy in maintaining international relations among nations?


4.1 Why Conflicts Exist among Nations

• Causes of international conflicts

4.2 How Singapore Ensures its National Security

• Singapore’s two-pronged approach of deterrence and diplomacy:

4.2.1Deterrence:

i.Total Defence strategy

ii.professional and citizen armed force

iii.defence industries

iv.joint military exercises with other nations

v.multi-agency coordination on security

4.2.2Diplomacy:

i.bilateral and multi-lateral relations

ii. membership in regional and international organisations e.g. ASEAN and UN

4.3 How Conflict in One Region can Affect the Rest of the World

4.3.1• Case Study of Iraq-Kuwait Conflict (1990-91)

- causes of conflict

- role of UN

- impact on the rest of the world

4.3.2• Transnational Terrorism: A new threat to world security

- impact on world and national security

- measures to deal with transnational terrorism




Students will be able to:

• understand why conflicts exist among nations

• recognise the need for a two-pronged approach of deterrence and diplomacy
• explain the need to be self-reliant for Singapore’s security
• recognise the need for coordination among agencies to maintain a high level of vigilance

• understand the role and relevance of regional and international organisations, particularly to small countries
• recognise the importance of international cooperation

analyse causes of conflict

• evaluate role of UN

• evaluate impact of conflict on nations involved and the rest of the world.

• recognise terrorism as a growing challenge to world security
• examine the measures undertaken to deal with transnational terrorism
• understand the impact of terrorism on world and national security

Theme 5. SUSTAINING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT


Globalisation of the world economy presents new challenges and opportunities to nations. Adopting proactive and effective strategies to remain economically competitive would help the nations to develop and progress in an increasingly competitive world economy.

How do nations sustain their economic development in a globalised world?

5.1 Sustaining Economic Development in a Globalised World

5.1.1• Globalisation and its challenges and opportunities

- scarcity of resources

- globalisation and its effects on national and world economies

- competition for investment and markets e.g. industrial parks, port and air services

- effects on employment and competition for talent

- balancing economic development with environmental management e.g. air pollution and tourism industry in Southeast Asia

5.1.2• Singapore’s strategies for economic development in a globalised world

i. - diversifying the economy

a.manufacturing and services as twin engines of growth e.g. bio-medical research and education

b.venturing abroad e.g. Singtel

ii.- nurturing growth of SMEs e.g. financial assistance

iii.- expanding market reach through economic cooperation e.g. Free Trade Agreements

iv.- managing resources

a.optimising human capital e.g. continuous learning and training, developing innovation and enterprise; attracting and retaining talent

b.optimising landuse e.g. Jurong Island and Downtown Marina projects

Students will be able to:

• understand how scarce resources affect national and world economies
• explain how globalisation creates opportunities and challenges for nations
• understand how environmental management is necessary to ensure economic growth

• explain the need for diversification and establishment of niche industries to maintain competitive edge
• understand the importance of foreign ventures

• appreciate that not all ventures are successful
• recognise that risk-taking is needed for economic growth
• recognise the role of SMEs in economic development
• understand the importance of economic cooperation with other countries
• evaluate the importance of managing resources


Theme 6. FACING CHALLENGES AND CHANGE

Nations that survive and succeed are those that are able to face challenges and develop into viable entities. However, failure to respond to the changing global landscape over time may result in a nation fading into obscurity

What can nations learn from the rise and fall of Venice as a city-state?
Overcoming the Odds and Fading into Obscurity

• Case study of Venice

- factors that led to the rise of Venice e.g. good statesmanship, enterprising spirit

- factors that led to the decline and fall of Venice e.g. corrupt leaders, complacent society, failure to respond to new changes

− lessons for nations

Students will be able to:

• understand how Venice achieved prosperity

• evaluate the factors responsible for the decline and fall of Venice

• draw lessons that nations can learn from the rise and decline of Venice

SBQ :Issue: Effectiveness of United Nations in carrying out its aims

Study the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

1 (a) Study Source A.


What does Source A tells you about UN's commitment to its aims? Explain your answer. [5]

(b) Study Source B.
How useful is Source B in aiding your understanding of the effectiveness of UN? Explain your answer. [7]

(c) Study Source C.
Does Source C prove that UN has the support of the international community? Explain your answer. [6]

(d) Study Source D and E.
Evaluate the differences between Source D and E. [7]


Issue: Effectiveness of United Nations in carrying out its aims



Background
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to stop wars between countries and to provide a platform for dialogue.
There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every recognized independent state in the world. From its headquarters on international territory in New York City, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization is divided into administrative bodies, primarily:
The General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly);
The Security Council (decides certain resolutions for peace and security);
The Economic and Social Council (assists in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development);
The Secretariat (provides studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN);
The International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ).
Additional bodies deal with the governance of all other UN System agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).



Source A An abstract from an interview with Lord Robertson, Chairman of the Commission for Global Road Safety, which proposed a global ministerial conference to United Nations.




I am delighted that the UN has today recognised the scale of human suffering and economic loss caused by road traffic deaths and injuries [by approving the proposal]. Now we must ensure that the UN Conference is not just another talking shop, but secures real commitments and takes real action to reverse the tide of global road deaths.




Source B An Abstract from The Times, “Bush deploys hawk as new UN envoy”, dated 8th March 2005




Bush nomination of John Bolton as US Ambassador to the United Nations is seen by many as an aggressive move. Mr Bolton once said:“There is no such thing as the United Nations. There is only the international community, which can only be led by the only remaining superpower, which is the United States." He also stated that "The [UN] Secretariat building in New York has 38 stories. If you lost ten stories today, it wouldn't make a bit of difference."




Source C An abstract of a report on a public poll conducte.d for BBC World Service by international polling company GlobeScan published on World Public Opinion’s website dated 24 January 2006





In 30 of the 32 countries polled, a majority (23 countries) rated the United Nations as having a positive influence. On average 59 percent rated the United Nations as having a positive influence, while just 16 percent rated it as having a negative influence.
However, among the 19 countries that were polled in December 2004 and again in the current poll, the percentage giving the U.N. a positive rating is down an average of 10 points.






Source D An abstract from an article taken from a blog in response to the controversies surrounding UN





Haitian underage girls are now paying for taking help from the UN. They have been sexually exploited by Sri Lankan UN peace-keepers for less than $1. Haitian feminists have now woken up to the problem and are demanding inquires by the UN. Olga Benoit of Haitian Women’s Solidarity recalls another case involving two Pakistani soldiers about two years ago. These men in uniform had raped a mentally challenged woman whom they were supposed to protect.
Poor girls in this horribly impoverished nation are just cattle for both Haitian men and their foreign protectors. Excessively patriarchal Haiti chooses to look the other way when girls are exploited. After all, a dollar is better than no money at all.




Source E Brazilian UN soldiers help a handicapped child as they distribute food and a program of music to celebrate peace in the Cite Soleil slum of Port-au-Prince, 25 April 2007
























Try to check the answer after you have done the question.

Study Source A
What does Source A tells you about UN’s commitment to its aims? Explain your answer. (5)

(Note from the Ess: This set of answer only have ICE Inference Content and Explanation. If you got two ICE it is o.k.)

Source A tells me that UN is committed to its aims of fostering cooperation in international law, economic development, social progress.(Inference) Based on Source A, “UN today recognised the scale of human suffering and economic loss caused by approving the proposal”(Content). This shows that when called for action by the global community, UN will take immediate actions. Hence, showing that UN is committed to its cause. (Explanation)

In addition, from Source A, “UN conference is not just another talking shop, but secures real commitments and takes real action to reverse the tide of global road deaths.”(Content) This shows that UN does try to involve leaders in the world to work together in solving global issues. (Inference +explanation)

Source A shows that UN may sometime falter in carrying out its programme to achieve its aims.(Inference) From Source A, ““UN conference is not just another talking shop, but secures real commitments and takes real action to reverse the tide of global road deaths.”(Content) This shows that sometimes decisions made were not carried out by the member countries. (Explanation)

(Note from the Ess. You can also ICE the POA which means you infer the purpose and get the content and explanation to support your inference. Do not forget the outcome)


The speaker's purpose in saying that he was delighted that the UN has recognised the scale of human suffering is trying to hint (Purpose words) that the UN did not recognised the human suffering in the past. It is said in an ironic tone. He wants the conference to be a real effective (outcome) one instead of "another talking shop" as he does not seems to have enough faith in the UN. He hope that he can" secures real commitments and takes real action to reverse the tide of global road deaths." Therefore Source A tells me that the UN is not totally committed to its aims.

(b) Study Source B
How useful is Source B in aiding your understanding of the effectiveness of UN? Explain your answer. [7]

Yes. Source B is useful in aiding my understanding of the effectiveness of UN. Source B suggests that one of the reasons for UN ineffectiveness was the commitment and support from member countries. From Source B, “Bush nomination of John Bolton to United Nations is seen by many as an aggressive move”. This suggests that one of the problems which UN faces is the support of its member countries. This information suggests that the some of its member countries has its own agenda when sending envoys to UN and they may not be supportive of UN’s stance.
This is further supported by information from Source C, “among 19 countries polled in December 2004 and again in the current poll, the percentage giving the UN a positive rating is down” Since more countries are seeing UN as having a less positive influence. This suggests that they would be less supportive of UN’s actions and decisions. This concurs with that of Source B. Hence, Source B is useful to my understanding of UN limitations.
However, Source B has its limitations. Source B shows comments and reaction from one source. It does not represent the reaction from all member countries. Source B does not represent the extend of UN’s problems.
(Note from the Ess Notice, the Ying Yang (useful and not useful aspect) +cross reference) You must have these three elements to score full marks.
(c)Study Source C. Does Source C prove that UN has the support of the international community? Explain your answer.
(Explain why it does not prove)
No, Source C does not prove that UN has the support of the international community. From Source C, “average 59 percent rated the United Nations as having a positive influence, while just 16 percent rated it as having a negative influence”. This shows that out of the countries polled, there are some which thinks that UN has a negative influence. If these countries do not see UN in a positive light they would be less likely to be supportive of what UN does.
(Cross ref to support)
In addition, cross-referenced against Source D, “Haitian underage girls are now paying for taking help from the UN. They have been sexually exploited by Sri Lankan UN peace-keepers” This shows that UN peacekeepers are not helping the people in need. This agrees with Source C in saying that there are countries which does not see UN as a positive influence. Hence, Source C is unreliable to prove that UN has the support of the international community.
(Explain why it does prove)
However, we can trust Source C that it does prove that UN is getting the support from the international community. As Source C is a factual source, with neutral tone. It does not take side of the UN. It is a report by an international polling company which has no stake in UN. The purpose of the source is to inform the public about the popularity of UN.

(d) Study Source D and E
Evaluate the differences between Source D and E. [7]
Source D and E are similar in identifying the role of the UN peacekeeping troops. (Comparing statement) From Source D, “raped a mentally challenged woman whom they were supposed to protect” and from Source E showing UN soldiers helping a boy by carrying him. Both sources inform us that UN’s role in the countries that they were deployed to is to help the people.

Source D and E are different in assessing the service rendered by UN troops. (comparing statement)
Source D shows that UN peacekeeping troops were a negative addition to the people. From Source D, “they have been sexually exploited by Sri Lankan UN peace-keepers”, these men in uniform had raped a mentally challenged woman whom they were supposed to protect” This shows that instead of helping the people in need, UN soldiers are adding to their misery.

On the other hand, Source E shows that UN soldiers are a positive addition to the people. From Source E, UN soldiers were carrying a handicapped boy. This shows that UN soldiers were doing good in the place that they are helping. Hence, Source D and E are different.
Source D and E are different in their purpose by depicting UN soldiers in different light. (Comparing statement)
Source D’s purpose in to vilify UN soldiers by discussing the ill-behaviours of UN soldiers, the author hopes to highlight the negative behaviours of the soldiers in hope the UN take action against such acts.
On the other hand, Source E is glorifying the works of UN troops by showing UN soldiers doing a good job in the country they are helping. The photographer may be attempting to gather more support for UN.
(Note from the Ess. Notcie the structure of the answer. You have a comparing statement then you find ifnormation in Source D and Source C to support the comparing statement.)
Do you agree that foreign intervention is more important than economic impact on Sri Lankan government’s desire for peace agreement? Explain your answer



Foreign intervention by India helped to promote peace in Sri Lanka. But this is not the only reason. Economic impact of the conflict is very negative and has caused loss of foreign investment.This has also contributed to the Sri Lanka government's desire for peace.

The Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka attracted the attention of its neighbour, India. It sent its Foreign Minister to Sri Lanka to mediate in a dialogue between the Sinhalese and the Tamils.
India’s intervention was a serious violation of Sri Lanka’s sovereignty. This is because Sri Lanka is an independent country and she had been forced into certain actions by India against its own wishes, showing that it is not totally in control of its own future. For example, in 1987, the Sri Lankan government was forced by India to sign a peace accord with the LTTE. When the peace accord was broken because the LTTE did not surrender their arms, the Indian government ordered Indian troops into Sri Lanka for peacekeeping. This move resulted in even more violence in the country and prolonged the armed conflict. The Sri Lankan government also felt that it has lost complete independence to act on its own, and thus cease to be in control of its own fate.
All these consequences could have caused the Sri Lankan government to deepen its desire for peace agreement as it hope to regain it independence. In its intervention, the Indian government has also sent its Foreign Minister to Sri Lanka to mediate in the dialogue between the Sinhalese and the Tamils. Although the dialogue failed to end the conflict, it has helped to promote peace by forcing the two sides to discuss their problems.
In the riots and armed struggles caused by the conflict, many people are killed. Those killed are usually breadwinners of families, plunging them into poverty and starvation. The ensuing riots and terrorism also resulted in the destruction of factories and businesses, effectively causing even more employment. This vicious cycle of poverty is made worse by the loss of investments from other countries as in times of instability, investors from other countries may not have the confidence to invest in the country. Foreign investment dropped from US$66 million in 1982 to US$39 million in 1983, and a further decline to US$22 million in 1986.

Tourism, one of Sri Lanka’s major income earners, was also seriously damaged by the violent internal conflict. Tourist arrivals steadily decreased after the July 1983 riots. This resulted in a loss of jobs and a fall in foreign exchange earnings. This in turn, affected the economy adversely. There were also lesser funds to develop amenities and facilities for the people, such as transport and housing.

All the above consequences of the conflict have affected the economy of Sri Lankan negatively and thus increased Sri Lankan government’s desire for peace agreement.
Ultimately there is no single reason that can explain sufficiently the reason why the Sri Lanka government has the desire for peace. Both reasons contributed to the peace process. With India's intervention, the Sri Lanka government realised that if it does not work for peace then India may take matters into their own hands and force a peace settlement. At the same time, the continued conflict has hinder economic growth and development and the government knows that only when there is peace will there be development. Therefore both reasons has contributed to the desire for peace.
(Note from the Ess
You must show how the two factors are dependent on each other and therefore both have equal impact on Sri Lankan government for peace agreement.)
How far did resettlement of the Sinhalese to the Tamil areas caused the conflict in Sri Lanka? Explain your answer.

Issue : Reasons for the conflict in Sri Lanka

Given Factor : Resettlement of Sinhalese to the Tamil areas

Alternative Factor :
Citizenship rights
Official Language Act

Rank:


The conflict between the Sinhalese and the Tamils has existed since 1948. This is because the Tamils feel that the Sinhalese-dominated government has been unfair to them in various ways.
.g. The government implemented a policy to provide land for the poor Sinhalese peasants. These peasants were transferred from the densely-populated south western and central areas into Tamil areas. However, the Buddhists monks and the Sri Lankan Army came with the other Sinhalese to the Tamil areas to occupy the land. This caused unhappiness because the Tamils now have to compete with the Sinhalese peasants for land as well as jobs and sales of their products. They thus resented the government and began to oppose the government. Many gave their support to the Tamil Tigers in their opposition against the government and this gave rise to the conflict. There was also resentment against the monks and the Sri Lankan Army and this worsened the relationship between the Tamils and the Sinhalese, increasing the tension and the hostility. Therefore resettlement of the Sinhalese to the Tamil areas caused the conflict in Sri Lanka but it is not the only reason.

For example, in 1948, Sri Lanka granted citizenship to only those who were either born in Sri Lanka or those whose fathers and grandfathers are born there. As a result many Indian Tamils found themselves stateless. Though India tried to help them solve this problem, many Indian Tamils continued to remain stateless in the late 1980s. This caused them to be very unhappy as despite their contribution to the economy, they were not given citizenship rights like voting. They thus supported the Tamil Tigers in their opposition against the government and this caused the conflict. Therefore citizenship rights also contribute to the conflict in Sri Lanka.

Under the British rule the language of administration was English and the Tamils held powerful jobs in the government service because of their good command of English which the Sinhalese did not learn well. However, when the 1956 Official Language Act was passed, Sinhalese became the language of administration. The Tamils held a peaceful demonstration which was however disrupted by the supporters of the Sinhala language. This upset the Tamils as they found that they were unable to secure jobs or be promoted in the government service. They also concluded that peaceful means might not work and that violence might be the answer to the problem. Hence they supported the Tamil Tigers and this caused the conflict. So this is yet another reason that contribute to the conflict in Sri Lanka.

The conflict between Sri Lanka has been going on for a very long time. Citizenship rights used to be an important issue but has now became a secondary concern as in 2003, the Sri Lanka passed a bill that grant citizenship rights to the Tamils. Similarly the Official Language Act that brought about so much unhappiness has been partly resolved. This is because the Sri Lanka government has granted greater recognition to the Tamil language by declaring it the national language, the language of administration in the norther and eastern provinces as well as an official language. Therefore these two factors are no longer the most important causes for the conflict as the Sri Lanka government has made effort to resolve the issue.

However, the resettlement of the Sinhalese to the Tamil areas has not been resolved. This resentment that the Tamil feel over the issue of resettlement has continued to contribute to the conflict. Therefore, this resentment is the most important reason for the causes of the conflict.
(Note from the Ess :The answer should not only provide the reasons why it is the most important factor and but also the reasons why the other two factors are not as important or show a correlation between the three factors.

Award 11 marks for explaining why one factor is the most important factor and why one other factor is not as important and 12 marks for explaining why one factor is the most important and why 2 other factors are not as important.)
(Note from the Ess : This answer is obtained from the specimen papers and mark schemes from the University of Cambridge International Examinations and the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board. Draw your own inference)

Here are three ways in which Singapore can deter aggressors:
it citizen armed force
its defence industry
military co-operation

Which of these is a better way of deterring aggression? Explain your answer.

Issue: Better ways to deter aggressor.

Given factors
i. it citizen armed force
ii. its defence industry
iii. military co-operation

Rank: Both i and ii are equally important as we cannot depend on anyone else for our defence.
Military co-operation is a secondary consideration as today's friends can become tomorrow's enemy.

Singapore is a small country and so the opportunity to attract aggressors is higher as they may think that it is easy to conquer Singapore. Therefore Singapore must have effective and several ways to deter aggressors. She cannot just depend on one deterrence alone. Deterrence refers to measures taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats.
Singapore has a citizen armed forced. In 1967, National Service was introduced and all males over 18 have to do it. This mean they all have military training.
The citizen armed force is an effective way of deterring aggressors. National Services ensures that all able-bodied males receive military training, and even after they have finished their full-time NS, they get more training over the next thirteen years. So in addition to its small regular armed forces, Singapore has a large pool of people who are ready to fight if needed, which means that it is militarily self-reliant, so anyone thinking of attacking us would definitely have to think twice. Therefore having a citizen armed force is one way to deter aggression.
However, Singapore's defence industry is also an important deterrent. We do not want to have to depend on other people for our weapons.We need to be able to make the kinds of equipment that are suitable for our purposes, and to upgrade our equipment like our F5-E fighter jets. Our enemies will then know that whatever happens our forces will be well equipped and will be a formidable opposition to them if they try to attack.
By having a citizen force that has the latest equipments, we would have built up a strong defence force and so it is an effective way of deterring aggression.
However, apart from building up a strong defence force within the country, Singapore also develop friendly ties with the armed forces of other countries. This is done mainly through bilateral and multilateral military agreements, joint military exercises, training programmes and participation in the UN peace mission. These training activities increase cooperation and strengthen ties among the participating countries. In this way, there will be less opportunity for Singapore to come in conflict with other countries which will help to reduce the number of potential aggressors.
Ultimately, having a citizen armed force and having a country's own defence industry are essential and equally important. This is because either one on its own would not be of much use. It is important for Singapore to be self-reliant in both manpower and resources for defence. Having Singapore as soldiers and having Singapore's own weapons will ensure that we have an effective defence force to deter aggression.
Promoting military cooperation plays a secondary and supportive role in deterring aggression because if a country wish to attack Singapore, it will not really take into consideration the past good relationship that it has with Singapore.

Membership in Asean

(Note from the Ess : This answer is obtained from the specimen papers and mark schemes from the University of Cambridge International Examinations and the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board. Draw your own inference)

To what extent is Singapore's membership of ASEAN due to its wish to promote economic development in the region? Explain your answer.

Issue: Reasons for Singapore to join ASEAN

Given Factor : To promote economic development
Alternative Factor: To promote regional peace and security

Rank:
Primary reason : To promote regional peace and security

Secondary reason : to promote economic development.
There must be peace and prosperity in ASEAN before economic development can take place.

The aims and purposes of the ASEAN are: (1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and (2) to promote regional peace and stability.

ASEAN promotes trade between members and encourages outside countries like Japan to invest in the region. Singapore wants to promote economic development in the region because this will increase trade and other forms of economic partnerships, which means there will be more jobs and increase prosperity. An international organization like ASEAN can help countries work together and encourage other countries to invest in the region, so clearly Singapore will want to be a member.

However, this is not the only reason why Singapore is a member of ASEAN.It is really about helping the neighbouring countries in matters of common interest. For example, when the haze situation affected some Southeast Asian countries in 1997, Singapore helped Indonesia in monitoring forest fires through the use of satellite images. By helping Indonesia, Singapore has establish good diplomatic relationship with her neighbours. In this way, regional peace and security can be maintained and even strengthen.

However economic factors and the need to get along with your neighbours are equally important. It stands to reason that if you are enemies with a country, then you will not want to trade with them. So Singapore's membership of ASEAN is not just for one reason. If there is co-operation and friendship between nations on diplomatic matters,then they will be more inclined to share economic interest. Therefore Singapore's membership in ASEAN is due to the twin reason of promoting economic development and regional peace and security.

Wednesday, October 29, 2008

“Total Defence is best for Singapore’s defence and security.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

Issue : Singapore’s defence and security

Given Factor : Total Defence

Alternative Factor 1 : Citizen Army

Alternative Factor 2 : Singapore defence Industry

Ranking: All three are equally important. If any one aspect is missing, it will compromise the security and defence of Singapore.

Singapore’s defence and security is vital to her survival as she is a small country.

One way to ensure Singapore’ defence and security is to promote Total Defence. Total Defence comprises of 5 aspects: Military, Civil, Economic, Social and Psychological Defence. It involves the entire population. Civilian population has to be prepared for its defence and security. Singaporeans deter potential aggressors by showing that all Singaporeans are prepared for defence in all areas. This will present a more united front to the outside world and deter them from wanting to attack Singapore as it would be more challenging. In this way Total Defence is good for Singapore’s defence and security.

However, it is not just Total Defence only but a citizen armed force that protected Singapore. When National Service was introduced, all able-bodied male citizens were called up for a part-time or full-time NS. These soldiers were trained and commanded by a small regular force. Singapore had greater security because Singaporeans learn to defend their own country and develop a sense of loyalty, patriotism and a shared destiny. In addition, the citizen armed force of over 350 thousand soldiers which is operationally ready will help to deter potential aggressors. The armed forces is transformed into an intelligent defence force where the Air Force, Navy and Army operate together as an effective unit. In this way, maintaining an effective citizen armed force is another way to ensure Singapore’s defence and security.

However, the fighting capability of the armed forces can only be enhanced by the presence of the defence industry which helped the Armed Force to develop into an effective fighting force through the use of latest defence technologies, weapons and equipment which other countries may not have. In this way, the security of Singapore is ensured as our level of deterrence is heightened and our enemy would think twice before they plan to attack Singapore.In conclusion, Total Defence is not the best way for Singapore’s defence and security. Although Total Defence involved more people in the defence of Singapore, Singapore must also ensure that she has an effective fight force with up-to-date defence technology. Only when these three aspects are equally developed can Singapore’s defence and security be ensured. All three are equally important. If any one aspect is missing, it will compromise the security and defence of Singapore.

Reason for the formation of the United Nation

To what extent did concerns with peacekeeping lead to the formation of the UN? Explain your answer.

Issue : Reasons for the formation of the UN

Primary Reason: Concern with peacekeeping

Secondary Reason : Promotion of economic development

The United Nations was formed after World War II to promote peace, security, and economic development. It came into existence after the collapse of the League of Nations which had been started after World War I.

The League of Nations took too long to make decisions and peace was broken. For example when the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1939 the League of Nations could not stop this. This showed that the League was powerless and a new organization was needed. The League had no arm of its own and relied on the cooperation of members.

In addition the outbreak of WW2 showed that peace was not maintained by the League. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941exposed the League’s weaknesses in peacekeeping. So a new organization, the UN was established so that the weaknesses of the failed League would not be repeated. Therefore the concern with peacekeeping was the primary reason that lead to the formation of the UN.

However there was the additional concern of promotion economic social and cultural development. For example, the World Health Organisation (WHO) was formed under the UN umbrella to bring the world to a point where all the people are not just free of diseases e.g. cholera and smallpox but are at a high level of health. It provides money to train doctors, nurses and other health workers for developing countries and keeps governments informed about new drugs.

In addition, the Food & Agricultural Oragnisation. (FAO) aims to raise standards by encouraging improvements in agricultural production. It Introduces new varieties of maize and rice which have a higher yield and are less susceptible to disease. It train people in poor countries how to increase food production by the use of fertilizers, new techniques and new machinery and cash to fund new projects.

Peacekeeping as compared to economic development played a more important part in the formation of the UN. In peacekeeping, the UN was able to prevent further conflicts and bloodshed from breaking out. In armed conflicts, more people would be killed and buildings destroyed. Hence peace-keeping was more a determining factor than promoting economic development. It is less important because it depends a great deal on the peacekeeping measures. Only if peace could be enforced, can there be there economic development.

Sunday, October 26, 2008

Was the American Involvement in the Iraq War a Mistake?

(Please note this is the 2nd Gulf War started by the son. The first Gulf War that you are studying in the text book Desert Storm was started by the father. The two wars are about 13 years apart. Do not be confused)

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

Issue: Was the American Involvement in the Iraq War a Mistake?


BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Iraq was suspected of developing biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. The US government claimed that Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). Saddam Hussein, the President of Iraq, denied the allegation.

However, under pressure from U.S and the UN Security Council, Saddam Hussein allowed UN weapons inspectors into its capital Baghdad to conduct their inspections of weapon sites. The result of their investigation – there was no WMD in Iraq.

Unconvinced, the U.S government issued a warning to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq within 48 hours or face attack. Two days later, on 20 March 2003, U.S launched air attacks on Iraq even though it did not receive full support from the other UN Security Council members. War ended about three weeks later, after U.S. troops entered Baghdad and toppled the Hussein regime.

The US defence Department had planned to withdraw most of its troops by the end of 2003, but they soon found themselves tied up in a long-drawn guerrilla war with the Saddam loyalists.

To make matters worse, a civil war broke out between Iraq’s majority Shia Muslim population and its minority Sunni Muslim population. The chaotic situation in Iraq made it impossible for US troops to withdraw. By 2007, the number of U.S. death toll totaled about 30,000. Also, an estimated 655,000 Iraqis had died as a result of the war.

It has been six years since the war started and it haunts the people like a never-ending nightmare. The U.S. war in Iraq had lasted even longer than U.S. involvement in World War II. Was the American involvement in Iraq a mistake? The sources below give various views about the Iraq War.


1 (a) Study Source A What is the message of this cartoon? Explain your answer with reference to the cartoon. [5]


(b) Study Sources B and C
How different are these two sources? Explain your answer. [7]


(c)Study Source D
How reliable is this source about the threat posed by Iraq in 2002?
Explain your answer. [6]

(d) Study Source E
How useful is this source as evidence about the reactions of the Iraqis after the defeat of Saddam Hussein? Explain your answer. [7]




Source A: A Singaporean cartoonist expresses his view on the American Involvement in the Iraq War

















Source B: A letter to the editor of newspaper, Las Vegas Sun, on 6 June 2008

When is our beloved country going to quit believing it can police this wide and wicked world with its limited forces and resources? When will this war end? As a World War II veteran and a high school teacher during the ’60s, I lost two of my best students to that hopeless Vietnam War. It made me weep to see their names on that Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Iraq War is in many ways, similar to the Vietnam War. While we are trying to save the free world from tyranny, our motives are misinterpreted and misguided. We were not in Vietnam or Iraq to conquer and subjugate a weaker country; we were not there to rob its wealth or take control of its resources. We were there for a good cause. I agree that all wars are a pointless waste of humanity, but sometimes we have no choice. Would you have allowed Hitler to rule the world?
Hats off and a hearty salute to those who are bearing the burden of this war! I think most people would agree with me that there are justifiable reason to go into a country and overthrow a regime that has brought so much injustice and human suffering.
Sources C: A British gave his views about the Iraq War in his blog
The Americans attacked Iraq because they claimed Iraq had WMDs and Saddam was refusing to let the UN inspectors check. They went there to save the Iraqis because Saddam and his family were committing genocide throughout the country. They are valid reasons. Now the Americans have got rid of Saddam and found no WMD. The question is: why are they still there?
People can argue that the country isn't stable, the soldiers are needed to see that the Iraqis don’t kill Iraqis. Personally, I think the U.S government had a plan for removing Saddam, but did not have a plan for afterward.

There are two separate groups of people in Iraq, the Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims. Now that Saddam is gone, who is in charge? There is no government, no military, and no police force and the "law of the jungle" took over. The U.S had to restore control, establish a government, a military, and a police department. At the same time terrorists are moving into Iraq like ants to a picnic. The U.S was not prepared for this and is now stuck in the sinking mud.

Source D: A speech by U.S President George Bush in January
2003
Our nation must prevent terrorists and regimes from threatening the United States and the world. This is an evil regime that used poison gas to murder thousands of its own people. It continues to show its hostility toward America and to support terrorism. It has plotted to develop biological and nuclear weapons for over a decade and has refused to let in the UN weapon experts to conduct inspection. Undoubtedly, Saddam has something to hide from the civilized world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, his government poses a grave and growing danger to world security.
Source E: A Malaysian journalist who was in Iraq during the American invasion of Iraq gave an account of the reaction of the Iraqis in October 2003
Groups of Iraqis started coming to show their support and joy at the end of the Saddam regime. Within an hour, the group had grown to between 300 and 500. An atmosphere of triumph and celebration could be felt in the fast growing crowd.

Then a man with a huge hammer started hacking away at the base of a huge Saddam statue. An American soldier fastened a chain over the statue and attached it to a U.S military vehicle. The vehicle pulled and almost effortlessly, the statue fell over. Men and boys raced forward and kicked, stepped and jumped on the statue as if it was Saddam himself.
Suggested Answer (Please look only after you have attempted the question)
Study Source A.
What is the message of this cartoon? Explain your answer with reference to the cartoon. [5]
(3 to 4 marks answers)
1. The US government took a dangerous path in launching an attack on Iraq

Evidence: The American man looks nervous and was perspiring profusely as he attempts to swallow the sword.

2. Invasion of Iraq may be easy but the problem is in the withdrawal. The American troops are not stuck in the middle of the civil war there and could not pull itself out.

Evidence: Iraq is portrayed as a sharp, jagged-edged sword. Once it goes down the throat, it is not possible to pull it out without injuring the man. The American showed fear and was perspiring while he swallowed the sword.
(4 to 5 marks answers)
The cartoon tells me that the invasion of Iraq in 2003 was a highly dangerous path taken by the US government. The cartoon shows a nervous American perspiring profusely as he swallowed the sword.

Although the US attack was swift and decisive, the American troops are now facing the problem of withdrawing from Iraq. This is evident in the cartoon as Iraq is portrayed as a sharp, jagged-edged sword. Once it goes down the throat, it is not possible to pull it out without injuring the man.

The cartoon was drawn with the purpose of mocking at the America’s decision to get itself entangled in the Iraq war. At the same time, the cartoonist is reminding the people that Iraq is a complicated country with many internal problems. Any attempt to meddle with it is courting trouble.
Study Sources B and C
How different are these two sources? Explain your answer. [7]
(4 to 5 marks)

The war veteran in Source B is ambivalent in his viewpoint on the Iraq War. He felt sad about the loss of lives in wars. This is shown in the phrase, “I lost two of my best students in the Vietnam war ….made me weep”. Nevertheless, he supports US action despite the loss of lives. He says “I agree that all wars are a pointless waste of humanity, but sometimes we have no choice.”
On the other hand, the British man in Source C is clear about his stand. He held negative viewpoint about US involvement in the Iraq War. He blames the US government for getting stuck in the Iraq War because “the U.S government had a plan for removing Saddam, but did not have a plan for afterward.”

(7 marks)
Source B, being an American citizen and a war veteran, he wants to show his support for his country’s decision to attack Iraq because Saddam “has brought so much injustice and human suffering”. However, as a former teacher, he wants to send out a message to the public that “all wars are a waste of humanity” but “sometimes wars are unavoidable.”

Source C has a different purpose. Writing in his Blog, he is free to speak his mind about the war. His purpose is to criticise the US government for starting the war and to show his unhappiness that his country, Britain, was also drawn into a war that was not carefully planned. The British says that “the U.S government had a plan for removing Saddam and his family, but did not have a plan for afterward. “


Study Source D
How reliable is this source about the threat posed by Iraq in 2002?
Explain your answer. [6]

L1/1 Reliability based on provenance

Yes, this source is reliable because it comes from the President of the United States.

L2/2 Reliability based on source content, no explanation

It is reliable because it says that Saddam has plotted to develop biological and nuclear weapons for over a decade and has refused to let in the UN weapon experts to conduct inspection. These Weapons of Mass Destruction will threaten the security of the whole world.


L3/3 Reliable OR unreliable based on cross-referencing to background information or other sources

Source D is reliable to say that the Saddam regime is posing a threat to the world because cross-reference to the background information also shows that “Iraq was suspected of developing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)”

Source D is also reliable to say that Saddam murdered thousands of people using poison gas. This fact can be supported by Source C which says “Saddam and his family were committing genocide throughout the country”

OR

Source D is unreliable because there was no evidence to prove that Saddam supported terrorism. Moreover. it was also not true that Saddam refused to let the UN weapon experts to conduct inspection. Cross-refer to the background knowledge shows that “under pressure from U.S and the UN Security Council, Saddam Hussein allowed UN weapons inspectors into its capital Baghdad to conduct their inspections of weapon sites.”

L4/4 Reliable AND Unreliable (both elements of L3)

L4/5 Unreliable due to personal bias

Source D is unreliable because it contains biased opinion. President Bush made assumption that Iraq’s WMDs were used for terrorist activities. This was probably because President Bush was especially sensitive and cautious after the terrorist attack of New York’s World Trade Centre on 11 Sept 2001. His biased tone can be detected from his use of words such as, “threatening”, “hostility” and “murder”.

L5/6 Unreliable due to the purpose of the speaker

Source D is unreliable because President Bush spoke with the purpose of condemning the Saddam regime so that the Americans and the rest of the world would support his decision to launch attack on Iraq. He says, “Our nation must prevent terrorists and regimes from threatening the United States and the world.”
As the President had a hidden agenda when he spoke these words, the information given in the source is doubtful and unreliable.

How useful is this source as evidence about the reactions of the Iraqis after the defeat of Saddam Hussein?
Explain your answer. [7]

L1/1 Useful - based on provenance – not explained
Yes, this source is useful because it comes from a Malaysian journalist who stayed in Iraq during the American invasion of Iraq in 2003.

L2/2 Useful OR Not useful – based on provenance - explained
It is useful because it was an eye-witness account by a journalist who stayed in Iraq during the war. What he described was probably true because he saw it.
OR

It is not useful because the man was a Malaysian, not an Iraqi and he could not know the reaction of the Iraqis.

L3/3-4 Useful OR Not useful – based on content - explained

Yes, it gives a useful eye-witness account of the people’s reaction after the fall of Saddam. He saw a large crowd pulling down the statue of Saddam and then kicking and jumping on it. This account is useful as the description shows me that the people hated the dictator.

OR

No, it is not useful because the source only describe the reaction of one group of Iraqis and not all the Iraqis.

L4/5 Both elements of L3 – useful AND not useful based on content

L5/6-7 L4 + Useful and not useful – based on cross-reference to other sources

Source E is useful as evidence to show that the Iraqis hated the dictator, Saddam Hussein. Source E describes how the people celebrated and displayed great joy when Saddam was defeated. The fact that Saddam was a hated dictator can be proven with cross-reference to Source D which says that Saddam “used poison gas to murder thousands of its own people”. Therefore, the facts given by Source E are reliable. A reliable source is a useful source.

AND

Source E is not useful because the information given in the source is limited. It only shows the reaction of one group of Iraqis. Cross-reference to Source C tells me that there are two groups of Iraqis – the Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims. The Shia Muslims support Saddam whereas the Sunni Muslims hated him. What the Malaysian journalist saw were probably the Sunni Muslims who had been tortured under the Saddam regime. The reaction of the Shia Muslim would be different as they looked up to Saddam as their hero. They would probably be crying in despair that Saddam was gone. Therefore Source E is not useful in showing the reaction of the Iraqis because of the limited information given.

Quick guide: Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is located about 31km (18.5 miles) off the southern coast of India. For much of the last 20 years it has suffered fighting between the armed forces of the predominantly Sinhalese government and Tamil Tiger rebels who want an independent homeland in the north and east.


Sri Lanka is a multi-ethnic country, with a population of 18m people. It is an ancient centre of Buddhism. It also has a significant number of Hindus, Christians and Muslims. There are also a number of smaller communities such as the Burghers and the Veddas.


The civil war has killed about 64,000 people, displaced one million and held back the island's growth and economic development.


The origins of the current violence go back to the island's independence from Britain in 1948.


Although the years immediately following the end of colonial rule were largely peaceful, from the outset there were tensions between the majority Sinhalese community - who are mostly Buddhist - and the Tamil community who are mostly either Hindu or Roman Catholic.

The communities speak different languages - Sinhala and Tamil - and both claim their ancestors were original settlers on the island.

While the island's population enjoys what is arguably the highest per capita standard of living in South Asia, in the years after independence the Tamil community complained of discrimination when it came to getting jobs in the civil service or winning places at universities.

The government argued it was redressing the imbalance from colonial times when Sinhalas accused the British of giving preferential treatment to Tamils.


The run-up to war

Resentment over perceived discrimination was cited by the Tamil Tiger leader, Prabhakaran, as the motivating factor behind his decision to form the Tamil New Tigers militia in 1972. In 1976, this body changed its name to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) more commonly known as the Tamil Tigers.

The cause of "Eelam" - a Tamil homeland in the north and east - has been invoked to justify countless suicide bombings by the Tigers on civilian and military targets.

One of the first such attacks was ordered by Prabhakaran in 1983, when the Tamil Tigers attacked an army patrol in the north of the country.

That in turn led to anti-Tamil riots in which an estimated 600 people were killed and thousands displaced.



Pattern emerges


From that moment onwards, it can be argued that the Sri Lankan conflict followed a pattern that in many ways is still repeated today.


Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and for parts of this decade, the country has witnessed a combination of Tamil Tiger suicide attacks on the one hand and repeated military skirmishes in the north and east on the other.
The violence over this time period has been interspersed by various international efforts to negotiate a peace settlement: technically the two sides are not at war despite the recent violence, as neither has formally withdrawn from a peace treaty signed in 2002.

Both the military and the Tamil Tigers have been frequently accused of gross violations of human rights by international rights groups.

Civilians have been routinely murdered and thousands made homeless by the years of war.

The fighting has been complicated by the existence of shadowy paramilitary groups. Also a group of rebels led by their eastern commander, Karuna, broke away from the Tamil Tigers in March, 2004.

The conflict has also had a disastrous impact on reconstruction efforts after the December 2004 Asian tsunami with the distribution of international aid hampered by the fighting.


Can either side secure a military triumph?

Neither seems to have the muscle to win outright military victory - although both have had their successes.

In recent months it can perhaps be argued that while the conflict is no less winnable for either side - it has become a great deal more bloody.
At least 2,000 people - troops, Tamil Tiger rebels and Tamil, Sinhalese and Muslim civilians - were killed in the first nine months of 2006, the government and truce monitors say.


Unless common ground can be found between the government's oft-stated position that it is only prepared to allow more autonomy for the north and east and the Tiger's desire for full-scale independence for these areas, a solution to this most intractable of disputes looks as far away as ever.

“The United Nations :a successful international organization” Do you agree? Explain your answer. [13]

Issue: Success of the UN
Give proposition: UN is successful
Alternative proposition: UN is not successful
Rank
Balanced conclusion: Successful in some areas, unsuccessful in other areas. UN is not a complete success neither is it a complete failure.

Yes, UN is a successful international organization.

The UN has played an important role to preserve world peace and provide aid. The UN Security Council has successfully imposed sanctions as deterrence to prevent wars. This collective effort has led to many successes such as helping to maintain peace in troubled areas such as Kuwait, Iraq, etc UN intervention in the Korea War stop the spread of communism in the south and helped to come to an agreement to end the war.
The International Court of Justice also helps members to settle their disputes peacefully. For example, Singapore has benefited through trying to solve conflicts peacefully with Malaysia over Pedra Branca and the water issue.

The UN is most effective in providing help such as food and medicine to countries in need that face emergencies eg. floods, earthquake, famines in Pakistan, the Philippines, etc. UN international aid through its various organizations such as the Red Cross, have helped to build communities in times of crisis such as after Iran earthquake and the tsunami crisis in Acheh.

However UN is not completely a successful international organization.
UN has not been successful all the time, especially in its peacekeeping missions on some occasions.

The Peace-keepers are only sent if the warring parties want to have peace and are willing to accept UN intervention. Sometimes the countries concerned do not welcome the UN’s help and conflict could worsen as opposition fight against UN troops as can be seen in the war in Iraq.

The sending out of the Peace-keepers often went too late and half-heartedly. This is because consent of the major UN members must be sought before they were sent. The peace-keeping force made up of troops from different countries. The troops are under various different commanders and often, their actions are not well-coordinated.

The UN Peace-keepers are not given active political power to over-rule the countries in conflict. They are only acting as impartial third party to supervise armistice only. Sometimes UN intervention worsens the already tense situation and escalates the war into an international conflict. Eg: The Korean War.

Many members of the peacekeeping forces and innocent lives have been lost or injured and destruction caused as UN peacekeeping forces try to put down rebels. The UN also sometimes fail to stop conflicts as seen from the outbreak of the Vietnam War, the recent N.Korean missile crisis and the attacks in Lebanon.

The UN is most successful in providing aid to members who are in trouble as she is able to harness resources such as food and medicine donated by its many members from the developed world and other world organizations. However, in its safekeeping tasks, it has not been as successful as it faces limitations – the UN is not given the active political powers to intercede and overrule the countries in conflict.
But to a large extent, the UN is a successful organisation and has helped to prevent the outbreak of another major world war.
a) To what extent has Singapore’s involvement in ASEAN helped her to maintain good diplomatic relations? Explain your answer. [12]
Issue : How Singapore maintain good diplomatic relations
Given factor : Singapore's involvement in ASEAN
Alternative Factors : Membership in UN,Bilateral Relationship.
Rank
Foundation /Corner stone : Bilateral Relationship
Secondary Relationship: Regional (ASEAN relationship) International Relationship.

Yes Singapore's involvement in ASEAN has helped her to maintain good diplomatic relations with her neighbour in South East Asia.

Singapore is active in leading ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) meetings to discuss security issues and confidence building measures with other counterpart nations like USA, China, Japan and Korea. She has been proactive in sponsoring and supporting regular opportunities for Foreign Ministers of ASEAN to meet with their regional and international counterparts to discuss issues of security concern so as to promote greater confidence and transparency in international dealings. This has earned the respect of the countries in the region in believing that Singapore is eager to pursue foreign policies beneficial to the region.

In this way, Singapore has managed to maintain good diplomatic ties with her neighbours. There have been no major disputes that have led to violence or war between the members ever since ASEAN’s formation. Instead there has been mutual cooperation on several issues such as dealing with terrorism. Singapore has also shared her expertise and knowledge in several areas with her neighbours such as Indonesia in fighting haze. She has offered ASEAN scholarships to deserving students from ASEAN countries.

However, besides ASEAN, bilateral and international relations are equally important in helping Singapore maintain good diplomatic relations.

Singapore is active in supporting UN missions and commissions in international peacekeeping and international law plenary sessions. Since her accession to the United Nations, Singapore has sat on the General Assembly and sent peacekeeping, police and medical missions to countries ranging from Cambodia, East Timor to Iraq. Singapore is also prolific in volunteering for international law plenary sessions and discussions. She has been involved in chairing the draft sessions of the UN Law of the Sea Convention. Her willingness to play her part in international peacekeeping has won her the respect and good diplomatic standing in the international community. This willing to be a positive contribution to the United Nations has helped enhanced her good diplomatic standing. Therefore maintianing international relationship has helped Sinagpore to maintian good diplomatic relationships with many countries.

Besides, Singapore is also active in fostering strong bilateral ties to promote greater cooperation and mutual benefits. Singapore consistently seeks to build good bilateral relations with countries in the region such as Malaysia and also form new partnerships with those not traditionally in the circle of contact. To those in the region, Singapore is ready to assist in community and humanitarian missions eg. Indonesia and the Philippines. Singapore also explores new trading links and relations with countries further away like Bahrain, Chile eg. recent FTA talks to break new grounds in forging win-win solutions in bilateral cooperation. Therefore maintianing bilateral relationship has helped Sinagpore to maintian good diplomatic relationships with many countries as Singapore is current not having any conflict with any countiry.


In conclusion, building sound bilateral relations is the corner stone or foundation of Singapore diplomacy and that is the single most important factor that has helped her to build close regional ties and to contribute positively to the international community. Good bilateral relations between Singapore and other individual states is the basis that allows her to function meaningfully within supranational frameworks be it regional organizations like ASEAN or International Organisations such as the UN.