Click on the picture below to see the a bigger picture.

Several SBQs are uploaded below. Try them out. Identify the type of skills to use before attempting the questions. i.e. Which questions do you need to ICE the PAO, which uses the weighing scale and which the yin yang.










Focus Revision on SBQ Skills : Reliability and Source Utility


Reliability /Proof Skills

1.General Comments

a.Weaker students will answer on the basis of what the source says – the content will be accepted uncritically.

b.Better candidates will know that the question require them to evaluate the source to explain why they believe it or not.



2.Depending on the particular question, there may be several ways of doing this, some more effective then the other.

a.Explanation of provenance

i.Provenance can give important clues about reliability, but on its own will never provide a satisfactory answer—it ignores what the source actually says.

ii.Yes it does prove it because it is written by a ……..so he will know what he is talking about.


b.Typicality

i.This is not ‘this is just one source, so I cannot believe it.’

ii.Rather it is the extent to which you can generalize from what the source depicts. In fact at this level, what the source says is accepted as reliable in itself, the problem is simply that it is not true of all people/place/time. It is reliable for showing that some …….., but not all of them do.


c.Explanation of bias using language of the source.

i.This has to be a demonstration of how the content of the source reveals the perspective of the author, thus affecting it reliability. This may be a matter of loaded language, omission of relevant materials, and selection of one- sided materials.


d.Cross-reference

i.This is a process of checking the reliability of a specific aspect of a source by comparing it either

1.Against what another source says or
2.Against one’s own knowledge

ii.For cross-reference to work, it must be clear

1.That a check is being made (that the reliability of a specific aspect or claim in the sources is being tested.)

2.What exactly is being checked (i.e. the specific aspect or claim being checked.)

3.What exactly it is being checked against (i.e. something in another source, or some specific items of factual knowledge.)



iii.The absence of any of these elements can put the validity of the cross-reference in doubt.

1.When one or more of the above element are omitted generalizations take place.

2.e.g. the following should not be allowed as cross-reference

a.Source X is true because Source Y supports it.
b.Source X is true because Source Y says the same.
c.Source X is reliable because it agrees with my own knowledge.
d.I can believe Source X because this is the kind of thing that was going on then



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Utility Skills

1. General comments

i. Many candidates never move beyond seeing sources as information rather then as evidence.

ii. For such candidates, the utility of source A would be for example that it tells us something about an issue that has been asked in the question.

iii. For better candidates, utility related to reliability. It you can believe it, it must be useful. If not then it cannot be useful.

a. Source A cannot be very useful as evidence about ……because………….. However, if you look at Source B, …..

iv. However, the best candidates understand that utility varies according to the historical question/issue in relation to which the source is being used as evidence.

v. The apparent unreliability of the source can enhance and change its utility.

vi. The unreliability is itself evidence to be used.

vii. The source is useful because, although it is obviously not typical of ….., or of all ….., it is a good insight into how……..

2. LORM

a. L1 undeveloped explanation of reliability (1m-2m)
(These do not use the content of t source)
It is useful as the person is…… so he will know…….

b. L2 Useful because of what it tells us about the issue

c. L3 Useful because it tells us that the point of view of the person involved.

d. L4 Utility checked by cross-ref e.g.

i. Developed explanations of reliability.

ii. These answers will be based on the language used in the source in relation to bias/tone/impression/typicality.


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SBQ Case-Study One : How successful are the government’s efforts in helping the aged in their ‘golden’ years?


Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions.

During his National day Rally speech on 19 August 2007, the Prime Minister, Mr Lee Hsien Loong, announced a series of measures to help the aged in Singapore. He was concerned that senior citizens would not have much savings in their Central Provident Fund (CPF) account to see them throughout their life after retirement.

Before the National Day Rally speech, the retirement age was set at 62 years old. An employee can withdraw a certain amount in his CPF account at the age of 55 after he has left a certain minimum sum of balance in his account. He will only be able to draw small amounts from his minimum sum when he reaches 62 years old.

With the increase in life expectancy of Singaporeans rising to 80 years old, the Prime Minister feared that the current practices would not be enough to take care of the retired workers. Therefore the government will raise the retirement age from 62 to 67 years old. It will also pass a law making it compulsory for companies to reemploy workers who retired at 62 years old in 2012. A retired employee will only be able to withdraw from his CPF minimum sum when he reaches the age of 65.


1(a) Study Source A.

Why do you think the blogger drew this cartoon? Explain your
answer. [5]


(b) Study Source B.

How useful is this source as evidence that senior citizens welcome the changes made on their CPF and retirement age? Explain your
answer. [6]


(c) Study Sources C and D.

How similar are these two sources? Explain your answer. [7]


(d) Study Source E.

Does this source prove that the government’s effort at re-employing older workers was successful? Explain your answer. [7]



Source A
A cartoon drawn by a blogger, Sei-ji Rakugaki,and posted on his blog on 8 February 2007.






Source B
The Straits Times, 21 August 2007.


Mrs G. Dev reflected the views of the vast majority of the 50 people polled by The Straits Times yesterday. “If I was in the pink of health and could carry on working till 65, it might be okay,” said the 50-year old senior midwife. “But I’m already having some health problems, so what if I get too sick to work? It means I will have no money to fall back on. Also I have no idea how long I will live… With this delay [in taking out her minimum sum in her CPF], I might not even live to see the money.”


Source C
A blogger’s comment on the government’s efforts to help senior citizens, November 2006.


I'm also amused to see PM Lee say that "helping older Singaporeans work longer" is one of the ways by which the government is tackling the aging population challenge. Why am I amused? Frankly I am not very sure what is the significance of the government raising or not raising the retirement age. If you need the money, you will want to work. If you like to work, you will also want to work. If you don't need the money and don't like to work, then you won't work. In other words, old folks will work if they have no choice.



Source D
‘Mr Wang Says So’, a well-know blogger, giving his view on the issues raised by the Prime Minister in his National Day Rally speech, 21 August 2007.


I agree with PM Lee’s views on the aging population. To be frank, there aren’t many choices to choose from. PM Lee’s solutions are not at all brilliant. They are quite obvious. It’s a “not-much-choice” situation. As I check around the blogs, I hear some people mumbling and grumbling. Their dissatisfaction is with the idea that they’re going to have to work to the ripe old age of 62, or 65, or 67. While I understand the feeling, I think that these people may not fully understand the issues. The government is not forcing you to work. If you have enough money, you could choose to stop work at 60, or 58, or 55. As a matter of fact, if you have enough money, you could jolly well retire at 35.



Source E
Adapted from the Mediacorp Channel NewsAsia website,9 September 2007.


The Minister in charge of ageing issues, Mr Lim Boon Heng, lists down the work that needs to be done to help Singapore's changing population. 70-year-old Henry Chong is the oldest worker at the NTUC Income Contact Centre. But the company said his performance is no less than that of his younger colleagues. Mr Chong used to make S$1,600 in his office administration job, now he makes about S$2,000. "I feel I can still continue. I'm still healthy and I prefer to work until the company doesn't want me

anymore," said Mr Chong. Mr Lim Boon Heng hopes more can be like him.




(a) Study Source A.
Why do you think the blogger drew this cartoon? Explain your answer. [5]

L1 Answer describing cartoon but not detecting message. [1]
e.g It was to show an old man working in a food court.


L2 Answers based on contextual knowledge [2]
These answer show the growing ageing society of Singapore and the challenges that resulted such as the financial needs of the ageing population which explains why the cartoon was drawn. This knowledge is not available in Source A.

E.g. It was because of the high numbers of older workers who did not have financial security

E.g. It was because the aged in Singapore was experiencing financial difficulties.

L3 Answer based on impact of message(s) [2-3]

E.g. The cartoonist wants to tell Singaporeans that the older workers are forced to work because of their financial needs. Therefore workers should have sufficient preparation for their old age if they do not want to suffer the same fate. (2 marks)
Eg. The cartoonist wants to persuade Singaporeans to have prepare for their old age so as not to suffer the same fate as the man in the cartoon. (3 marks)

L4 L 2+L3

Message impact explained in Context [4-5]
Award 4 marks where there is 1 message impact OR where contextual explanation is weak.

E.g. The cartoonist wants to let Singaporeans know that it is crucial to prepare for old age. This is because many Singaporeans are going to be senior citizens in the near future. (4-5 marks)

(NOte from the ess: Notice that this model answer did not use the ICE the PAO that I have suggested but focus on the OUTCOME. Remember the OUTCOME is of the upmost importance)





(b) Study Source B.
How useful is this source as evidence that senior citizens welcome the changes made on their CPF and retirement age? Explain your answer. [6]



L1 Undeveloped explanations of reliability (1 -2)

E.g. It is useful as she will soon retire, so she knows what she is saying
E.g. The source is not useful because it does not give the view of those who support the scheme .
E.g. Source B is not useful because it is only the opinion of one Singaporean. It does not mean all other older workers felt the same way.



L2 Useful, because of the information it reveals (2-3)

E.g. some B is useful because it tells us that older Singaporean workers have difficulties with re-employment. The source also reveals that there is some doubt about the delay in drawing out the minimum sum from the CPF.

E.g. Source B is useful because it is highlights the view of certain older workers who fear that the so-called improvements to be made for their benefit might not be to their advantage.



L3 Useful, because it tells us how older workers feel / think about the situation / gives the point of view of older workers. [4]

E.g. Source B is useful in conveying an older worker’s doubts, which represent the general feeling of other workers in her age group (reflected the views of the vast majority of the 50 people polled by The Straits Times yesterday). Source B is useful as evidence about the responses of older workers on the government’s initiative because it tells us that not all older workers welcome the initiatives or that the initiatives will benefit all older workers. The lady raises an important point that working after retirement would be acceptable if she is healthy. But would the initiative work if the older worker is unhealthy?



L4 Developed explanations of reliability (5-6)
These answer will be based on the language used in the Source in relation to bias/ tone/ impressions/ typicality

E.g. Some B gives a negative impression of the thought of one worker who is in the older worker category. But if we look at source E, another worker has a much more positive attitude. So Source B may not be typical and therefore it is not useful as evidence. The source is biased to a certain degree. The lady is assuming that she will not live long therefore she might no be able to enjoy her minimum sum left in the CPF. Ultimately this colours her view on the government’s initiatives.



(c) Study Sources C and D.
How similar are these two sources? Explain your answer. [7]


L1 Similarity OR Difference, based on Provenance/ Source type/ Topic (1)

E.g. The sources are views by bloggers.

E.g Both are released in different years, 2006 & 2007.

E.g. Both sources are about the viability of extending the retirement age.

OR

Use of content but no valid match

L2 False Match (2)
E.g. Source D says that the government “is not forcing you to work” beyond your retirement age. Source C does not say this.

L3 Similarity in content, i.e. must be valid matches (3-4)
E.g. Both sources mentioned that working past the retirement age is dependent on the financial needs of the individual and not because of the laws passed by the government.

L4 Similarity in Purpose (5-6)
Award 6 marks for support from both sources

E.g. Both sources want to persuade older Singaporeans not to be affected by the government’s initative as working past the retirement age depends solely on the workers themselves, depending on their financial situation. Essentially, the workers have a choice. Although both use different tone in sending their message and purpose, both are trying to persuade Singaporeans that the initiatives are nothing new and not something to be fearful of or to grumble about. Source C talks about the need to work beyond the retirement age if you are not financially secure, “In other words, old folks will work if they have no choice.” Similarly, Source D mentions that older workers have a choice to continue working or otherwise, “If you have enough money, you could choose to stop work at 60, or 58 or 55.”




L5 Difference in Tone / 0pinion (6-7)
Award 7 marks for support from both sources answer dealing with both tone and purpose get 7 marks.

E.g. Source C is bleaker / negative/ emotional, pessimistic/sarcastic about the situation. It stresses that there is no “significance of the government raising or not raising the retirement age.” However, Source D is more positive/ objective/ encouraging. It seeks to assure worker that the government has no other alternative but to raise the retirement age to help older workers, “To be frank, there aren’t many choices to choose from.” Although he downplays PM Lee’s solution as “not at all brilliant”, one can sense that he sees the solution as necessary yet not to be feared because the people still have a choice, depending on their financial situation.




(d) Study Source E.
Does this source prove that the government’s effort at re-employing older workers was successful? Explain your answer. [7]

L1 Provenance/ Typicality (1)

E.g. Yes, because it is from a Mediacorp article, therefore it must be true.

E.g. ‘No, because the account is based on the experience of one retired Singaporean worker only. It does not mean all retired workers welcome re-employment.


L2 Yes, supported from content of Source E (2-3)
E.g. Yes, as the Source states that the older workers can be as good as younger ones: ‘But the company said his performance is no less that that of his younger colleagues’.



L3 No, supported from content of Source E (4-5)
E.g. No, the source indicates that not all retired workers welcome the move. This can be inferred in the line “Mr Lim Boon Heng hopes more can be like him.”



L4 Developed explanation of purpose (5-6)

Sees Source E as consistent with official efforts to assure Singaporean workers

No, Source E is from a local broadcasting station. It tends to support the government. Thus it said positive things like a retired worker welcoming re-employment, especially in the higher pay secured by Mr Henry Chong. This is to encourage retired workers to go for re-employment. This argument can be developed further that this report has a hidden agenda because it particularly highlights the higher pay that Mr Chong receives as compared to his previous job and Mr Chong’s claim that he is happy to continue working. Clearly this is to persuade hesitant retired workers to consider re-employment which will lessen the government’s burden on looking after the unemployed retirees, in terms of medical care and daily expenses. Sound E may therefore not be reliable.

L5 No, by cross-referencing to other sources (7)
i.e. Sees that Source E is not representative of the acceptance of retired
workers.

No. The ‘success’ at re-employing older workers as stated in Source E is just a
single example and not supported by Source A and B. In Source E, Mr Chong
states that "I feel I can still continue. I'm still healthy and I prefer to work
until the company doesn't want me anymore," but this is contradicted by
Source A which gives the sarcastic remark, “And why do I work …? Because I wish to?... My foot! Another example to show that Source E is not representative is the negative viewpoint of Source B that contradicts Mr Chong’s positive acceptance of re-employment, ““But I’m already having some health problems, so what if I get too sick to work?”. Even Source D which generally is supportive of the policy gives a possibility that not all retired workers will seek re-employment (depending on their financial status), thus negating the statement that the government effort at re-employing older workers was successful.

SEQ Diplomacy and Deterrance

Is diplomacy a more effective measure than Total Defence to ensure Singapore's security? Explain your answer.

Issue : Singapore’s security

Given measure : Diplomacy

Alternative measure : Total Defence

Rank Order

More effective measure to ensure Singapore’s security
· Total Defence (necessary but not sufficient measure)

Supporting measure to ensure Singapore’s security
· Diplomacy (part of the measures for Singapore’s security but not sufficient)

(Yes I know that this is perhaps one of the longer essay. You need not write down everything just summaries and provide one or two examples.In fact you can spilt this essay into two)

Diplomacy is the way in which countries manage or conduct relations with one another. Its main aim is to promote common interests and to resolves conflicting interests in a peaceful manner. Developing good diplomatic relationships with many countries is an effective measure to ensure Singapore security but not sufficient.

Singapore must also have the ability to defend herself. That is why Total Defence was introduced in 1984 to involve every Singaporean in the defence of the country. However it can be effective only when all Singaporeans believe that Singapore is worth defending, and are involved in the defence efforts. Total Defence is about the different things Singaporeans can do every day in every sector of the society to strengthen the people’s resilience as a nation. It is a necessary but insufficient measure to ensure Singapore’s security.

Diplomacy is one measure that Singapore uses to ensure her security. It provides opportunity for countries to pursue mutual interests. It also enables them to cooperate with one another and resolve conflicts, differences and disagreements peacefully.

Diplomacy can be achieved through bilateral relations. For example, Singapore has been actively involved in building its diplomatic ties with other countries. She has been expanding bilateral relationships with many countries since its independence. With bilateral relations, Singapore was able to further promote political, economic, and cultural ties with neighboring countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. As a result, with bilateral relations, countries will help each other when things get out of hand. Because they have developed good diplomatic relationship, they are less willing to declare war with each other as they prefer to use peaceful means to solve their differences. Therefore promoting bilateral relation is one measure Singapore has used to ensure her security.

Diplomacy can also be achieved through regional relations as with regional relations, Singapore will be able to become stronger by combining the strengths of member countries. It will, therefore, be in a better position in dealing with other countries. This form of diplomacy ensures the security of Singapore because it provides an opportunity for Singapore to collaborate with other countries to pursue mutual interests which will benefit everyone. The collaboration of countries include helping one another to solve common problems such as transnational terrorism, SARS and the avian flu that threatens the security of Singapore. Diplomacy through regional relations also helps Singapore to resolve her conflicts, differences and disagreements with other countries peacefully. An example of a regional organization that can safeguard the security of Singapore is ASEAN. It allows Singapore to resolve occasional disputes with member countries peacefully. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in which Singapore is a member also helps to ensure the security of Singapore since it promotes political and security dialogues that tackles security issues and resolve conflicts peacefully.

Diplomacy achieved through international relations can also help to ensure Singapore’s security. For example, Singapore is also part of the United Nation (UN), which has a membership of 192 countries. Singapore’s membership in the UN helps it to maintain its independence and territorial integrity. The Security Council of the UN helps to maintain international peace and security which is especially important for a small country like Singapore. Therefore by being a member of UN, it helps to ensure Singapore’s security.

However, cultivating good diplomatic relationship alone will not ensure Singapore’s security nor is it a more effective measure than Total Defence. Singapore need to have Total Defence to deter potential enemy incase diplomacy fails.

Total Defence is an effective measure in ensure Singapore’s security. It was introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the defence of Singapore and strengthen the people’s resilience as a nation. Potential aggressors will think twice about attacking Singapore if they face the entire nation and not just the armed forces. Total Defence comprises of 5 aspects: Military, Civil, Economic, Social and Psychological Defence.

Military defence is one aspect in Total Defence. In Singapore, we have a large citizen armed force of over 350 thousand soldiers which is operationally ready to deter potential aggressors. Besides that, the armed forces is also on the way to be transformed into an intelligent defence force where surveillance and strike systems of the Air Force, Navy and Army operate together to provide early intelligence which would help to destroy the enemy even before they can locate us. The fighting capability of the armed forces is also enhanced by the presence of the defence industry which helped it develop into an effective fighting force through the use of latest defence technologies, weapons and equipment. In this way, the security of Singapore is ensured as our level of deterrence is heightened and our enemy would think twice before they plan to attack Singapore.

Civil defence aspect in Total Defence also contribute to the security of Singapore. It can also be strengthen through the emphasis on civil readiness. Social defence aspect in Total Defence refers to the unity of multi-ethnic groups in Singapore in the face of social crisis such as a terrorist attack that seeks to pull ethnic groups apart. Social defence could be achieved through activities such as emergency preparedness exercises, and activities that promote inter-racial and interreligious understanding. Psychological defence aspect in Total Defence refers to the intangible aspect of defence which emphasizes on the need to have pride and loyalty and wanting to stand up and defend Singapore from security threats. It helps the people overcome social challenges and stand together in unity to face those challenges boldly as a nation. By developing these five aspects of Total Defence Singapore’s security is ensured as our potential enemy is aware that it will not be easy to conquer Singapore.

In conclusion, by developing Total Defence she present a strong deterrent to prevent any country from attacking her. This is a necessary measures but it is insufficient as she needs to minimize the possibilities of these countries from attacking her through the forming of friendships and reducing hostilities with other countries through the development of good diplomatic relationship.

However, it can be argued that a strong deterrent signal through Total Defence will help to safeguard the security of Singapore even in times when diplomacy fails completely.
Having diplomacy alone will not guarantee that Singapore’s security can be ensured since no physical aggression by foreign countries can be anticipated with certainty. Therefore diplomacy is not the more effective measure in ensuring Singapore’s security.


Notes from the Ess : Answers that focus only on those diplomatic measures that Singapore employs but has no relation to how they could contribute to Singapore’s security will not be accepted

Similarly answers that focus only on those Total Defence aspects that has no clear link to how they could contribute to Singapore’s security will receive no marks.

SEQ: Transnational Terrorism

To what extent is psychological distress in Singapore a significant impact caused by the threat of transnational terrorism?

Issue : Impact caused by threat of transnational terrorism

Given Impact: psychological distress

Alternative Impacts :
· Economic Impacts
· Political Impact

Rank Order

Most significant impact
· Political impact as it is still in place in Singapore

Secondary Impacts
· Economic impact
· Psychological distress which is part of social impact
· These two are secondary as the impacts has been reduced or eliminated.



Transnational terorism involves the unlawful use of force or indiscriminate violence by internationally-linked groups against persons and properties in many different parts of the world.

The world today is increasingly threatened by these transnational terrorist groups as they seek to destroy lives and properties and destabilize the societies of the countries which suffered terrorist attacks. There are several impact caused by this threat of transnational terrorism. One of the impacts in Singapore is psychological distress but it is not the most significant impact.


Psychological distress is one of the social impacts that transnational terrorism can bring about to Singapore. For example after the arrests of the JI members in 2001 and 2003, Singaporeans were plagued with the concern that potential terrorist attacks may happen in Singapore. There was a fear of "knee-jerk" reactions from the Singaporeans especially if the terrorist were home-grown. In this instance, Singaporeans may undergo psychological distress since it could be difficult for communities to remain calm as acts of terrorism committed by Singaporean may create suspicion and tension among the various ethnic and religious groups. Singapore may began to mistrust each other.

Yet one of the positive social impacts that transnational terrorism brought about was to strengthen the resolve of government and communities to implement new measures and programmes to counter terrorism. For example, the Community Engagement Programme was launched in 2006 as a long-term effort to ensure that Singaporeans are better equipped to maintain social cohesion and harmony, should a crisis like transnational terrorism happen in Singapore. It aims to bring together Singaporeans from different communities to strengthen inter-communal bonds, and to put in place response plans to help deal with potential communal tensions after and incident.


The September 11 attacks of the World Trade Centre in New York had an economic impact on Singapore. Due to the potential for future attacks, people were afraid of flying. Therefore the airline industries in Singapore were affected as they lose their income because less people were willing to fly. In addition, government spending has also increased as there is a greater need to cater for increased security to counter acts of terrorism. For example in Singapore, our government has deployed more police and troops to guard areas such as airports, embassies as well as other sensitive installations.

The Singapore government has also spent a lot of money and resources in holding exercises to ensure that the emergency services and the citizens are prepared and know what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. For example, in January 2006, Singapore held its largest civil emergency exercise, Exercise Northstar V which was led by the Singapore Civil Defence Force and involving more that 2000 personnel from 22 agencies.

The threat of transnational terrorism also caused several political impacts. Intrusive legislation aimed at countering terrorism have been introduced in Singapore. The government felt that it has the responsibility to keep their citizens safe from terrorists by having tight security controls. For example, stepping up on border security, such as greater checks on travellers' identities and belongings, to ensure terrorists do not slip into the country. These new measures and laws are being criticized by Singaporeans as they infringe on individual freedom and personal privacy. However, there is still a need for the measures and laws to be implemented so as to safeguard security.

Psychological distress caused by the threat of transnational terrorism is a significant impact in the short term but not in the long term. After the arrest of the JI, there was a sense of mistrust among the different community but the government has already taken step to strengthen the bong among the different community. Therefore the psychological distress has been reduced or even eliminated and so is no longer a significant impact of transnational terrorism in Singapore. In fact through various the actions of the government, the community has grown closer.

Economic impact is no longer a significant impact as the airline industry in Singapore managed to recovery from the act of transnational terrorism of 911 and the Bali Bombing of 2002 through various promotion and advertisements.

The most significant impact of transnational terrorism in Singapore is the intrusive legislation that has been implemented in Singapore to safeguard homeland security. These legislations are still in place in Singapore and have serious economic and social implication. For example, when Mas Selmat escaped in February 2008, there was detail check at the Woodland Check Point and the Second Link. This brought about massive traffic jams which has a significant economic impacts as goods and people could not come in and out of Singapore easily.

In conclusion, psychological distress is not most significant impact caused by terrorism. The most significant impact is the intrusive legislations as in the long run, these intrusive legislations are still in place.

Notes from the Ess
Notice that in the 4th para, i have already explained that the destress has been seen too and therefroe it is not of significant anymore.

SEQ : Causes of Conflict between Iraq and Kuwait.

How far is dispute over territory a cause for the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait? Explain your answer. [12]

Iraq invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990, claiming that revolutionaries in Kuwait had asked Iraq for help. The invasion was a success for Iraq. There are several causes for this conflict between Iraq and Kuwait.

One of the causes of the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait was the claim over the Bubiyan annd Warbah Islands. These islands belonged to Kuwait, but Iraq
wanted these islands as it would help Iraq gain access to the Persian Gulf. The Iraqis even attempted to claim ownership of the islands through force in the 1960s and 1970s. Since 1978, Iraq had even tried to lease these territories. Kuwait’s refusal to grant this request worsened the relationship between both sides as Iraq saw Kuwait’s refusal as an attack on its national interest.

Another territorial dispute was over a profitable oilfield, the Rumaila oilfield. In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil by drilling oil from the Iraqi side using slant-drilling technology. Kuwait insisted that they had taken the oil only from their side of the oil field. When Kuwait refused to pay compensation and to stop the drilling, Iraq felt that Kuwait was unreasonable, therefore dispute over these two territory issues caused the conflict between Irague and Kuwait.

However, the historical enmity that existed between both sides was another cause for the conflict. Iraq had all along considered Kuwait as part of it. As such Iraq expected Kuwait to give in to its demands. Kuwait’s refusal to give in to Iraq resulted in shock and anger. As a result, Iraq was even more aggressive in trying to force Kuwait to give in to their demands. The result was a worsening of the relationship between the two as Kuwait might have seen the Iraqi actions as bullying. Therefore, the worsening relationship between these two countries contributed to the conflict.

The final causes for the conflict was the over-production of oil by Kuwait. Due to the Iraq-Iran War, Iraq faced immense debts from the war and the problems with rebuilding the country. Sale of oil was a solution to the debt and the problems of rebuilding the country. Yet, Kuwait had increased its oil production, causing a drastic fall in oil prices. Thus, Iraq lost a lot of revenue due to the fall in oil prices. Iraq was upset of Kuwait’s actions and saw it as an economic war on Iraq. Thus this led to an outbreak of war.

The territorial dispute over territory was a necessary but insufficient causes for the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait. This is because territory dispute had been going on for a long time and it did not result in the invasion of Kuwait.

Similarly the historical enmity that exist has been going on for a long time and did not trigger the conflict.

Instead, the most significant cause could be the over-production of oil because it resulted in worsening economic problems for Iraq. Compared to the loss of revenue from fall in oil prices, the territorial dispute and the historical enmity were not so threatening to Iraq’s survival at that time.

Thus the territorial dispute was to a small extent a cause for the conflict. The main cause for the conflict was the over production of oil which caused Iraq to lost a lot of revenue and it saw the only way to solve it problem was to invade Kuwait. The overproduction of oil was the trigger that caused the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait.


Note from the ess. Look at the sentences that has been underlined. These are the explanation statements. And notice that I am always linking back to the issue

Issue :
The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait. \

Given Factor

• The given factor was territorial dispute

The alternative factors

• historical enmity and
• over production of oil.

Rank order for the causes for the conflict

Main reason: Over production of oil

Secondary reasons: Historical enmity and territorial dispute.

Why? (hint look at the last paragraph)

Right from the horses mouth

2008 GCE SOCIAL STUDIES ‘N’ LEVEL EXAM MARK SCHEME

Please study this mark scheme very carefully so that you know how to score well.

(a) Study Source A.
What can you learn from this source about the reaction of the Sri Lankan government to the tsunami disaster? Explain your answer, referring to details of the source. [5]

L1 Repeats details about the government’s actions from the source.

e.g. Source A mentions that the Sri Lankan government sent “large stocks of food and other essentials” to the affected areas. [1]

L2 Inferences about the government wanting to help/ trying to help
2m for an unsupported inference
3m for a supported inference

e.g. Source A tells me that the Sri Lankan government wanted to help the victims of the Tsunami as it mentioned that “large stocks of food and other essentials have already been sent out” to the north and east” i.e. areas affected by the tsunami.. [2-3]

L3 Unsupported valid inferences about the government’s reaction / nature of government’s help

e.g. Source A tells me that the Sri Lankan government was caring, sympathetic or generous / The government acted quickly and effectively.
[3]

L4 Supported valid inferences

e.g. (L3) + I can tell this because it says the government “allocated 70 million rupees” and “have already dispatched large stocks of rice and essentials to the north and east” i.e. areas affected by the tsunami. [4]

L5 Inferred purpose

e.g. (L4) + As the source is from the official website of the Sri Lankan government, most probably, the government is taking political advantage (purpose) of the situation to show the international audience/Tamils that it cares about the welfare of all its Tamil citizens even Tamil Tigers and their supporters who lived in the Tsunami affected areas in the north and east. [5]

Note from the Ess : Notice that to get the highest marks you need to have Purpose and content to explain the purpose.

(b) Study Source B.
Are you surprised by what this source says about the reaction of the Sri Lankan government to the tsunami disaster? Explain your answer. [7]

L1 Identifies content which is surprising / not surprising, but no reason given

e.g. Not surprised that the “government agencies and army were much slower to react in the Tamil areas.” It is understandable why the LTTE reacted faster and “lost no time in organizing relief and disposing of dead bodies in the areas” while the government were slower because these areas are “under the LTTE control,” hence they have access to the place.

OR

Unexplained provenance [1]

L2 Commonsense reasons given for surprised / not surprised

i.e. no use of contextual knowledge of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict / other sources

e.g. Not surprised because the government is made up of Sinhalese. Hence it is logical that they will help their own people first. [2]

L3 Not surprised, provenance explains why source is critical

e.g. Not surprised, although the source is an independent organization, it is based in India. Hence it could be biased towards the Tamils and hence would be critical of the Sinhalese-majority government. [3]

L4 Surprised / not surprised, explained by cross-reference to other sources

4m for weak cross-references

5m if cross reference is done properly

e.g. Surprised, because it implied that the government does not care about the Tamils in the north as it mentioned that the “government has been insensitive to the tragedy suffered by the Tamils.” This assertion that the government does not care about the Tamils in the north is not true as it is opposed by Source A which mentioned that the government “allocated 70 million rupees” and “have already dispatched large stocks of rice and essentials to the north and east” i.e. areas affected by the tsunami, implying that the government is caring/sympathetic to Tamils living in tsunami affected areas.

OR

e.g. Not surprised, because it implied that the government treated the Sinhalese better than the Tamils as it mentioned that the “government has been insensitive to the tragedy suffered by the Tamils” and “concentrated their efforts on the Sinhalese-majority areas.” This assertion the government treated the Sinhalese better than the Tamils is true as it is supported by Source C which mentioned that the government “channeled vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” and “the tsunami victims in the north are still suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.”.
[4-5]

L5 Not surprised, explained with reference to the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict

6m for undeveloped references to the conflict

7m when conflict is used in the development of the explanation

e.g. [L4] + Not surprised that the government “ignored the LTTE’s request for heavy equipment to repair damaged roads” because the LTTE are against the Sri Lankan government. They have caused a lot of trouble to the government. They went back on their words by not putting down their arms and make the peace agreement impossible. Hence it is logical that the government ignored the LTTE’s request as the LTTE may make use of the situation to further their cause. [6-7]

Note from the Ess : Notice to get the highest marks you need to have cross reference +contextual knowledge.



(c) Study Source C.
Why do you think the Tamil Tiger commander made this speech? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Reasons based on content – what he thinks or feels / what was happening or the situation
1m for 1 reason
2m for 2 reasons

e.g. He feels that the government is unfair, “channelling vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” and ignoring “the tsunami victims in the north [who are Tamils] and suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.”.
[1-2]

L2 Reasons based on content – messages / what he wanted to say
i.e. These answers are based solely on the content of Source C

2m for 1 reason
3m for 2 reasons

e.g. He made the speech to highlight (purpose word) to the international audience that the government is biased towards the Sinhalese and uncaring towards the Tamils as he said that “the government “channeled vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” and “the tsunami victims in the north are still suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.”. [2-3]

L3 Reasons based on context: because of the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict / the conference / the status of the Tigers
i.e. awareness of context beyond what is mentioned in Source C

OR

Reasons based on purpose: impact on audience – what he wanted the audience to do (sic)

e.g. He made the speech to convince the international audience (audience) about the discriminating actions of the government towards the Tamils i.e. the government is biased towards the Sinhalese and uncaring towards the Tamils as he said that “the government “channeled vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” so that they would put pressure on the government to channel the aid they have given to develop the north. (outcome)[4]

L4 L2 + L3 [5-6]


Note from the Ess : Notice to get the highest level you need to have Purpose, Audience and Outcome(PAO) which is what we have been stressing all this time in our lesson.

(d) Study Sources D and E.
Does Source E prove that what the UN claimed in Source D was true? Explain your answer. [7]

L1 Assertion rejecting what Source E shows / what Source D says

e.g. No. Source D said that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps”, but Source E does not show that this is happening [1]

L2 Assertion based on provenance of Source D / Source E

Based on provenance of Source D

e.g. Yes, because it is from the BBC News website. If they report something that is not true, UN may sue them.

OR

Based on provenance of Source E

e.g. Yes, because it is from an article published by the Human Rights Watch, the largest human rights organization based in the US. [2]

L3 No, because the picture does not show a Tamil. The child looked more like a Vietnamese! [3]

L4 Yes. Uncritical acceptance of proof based on comparison of Source D and E

4m for weak comparison
5m if comparison is good

e.g. Yes, both sources agree that the Tamil Tigers are recruiting child soldiers. Source D mentioned that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps.” Similarly, the Human Rights Watch’s article also mentioned that “Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers.”
[4-5]

L5 No, because Tigers deny it in Source D

e.g. No. Source D mentioned that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps”, but the BBC news reported that the “Tamil Tigers have denied any involvement in the recruitment incidents.” [6]

L6 No, because Source E predates the tsunami

e.g. No. Although the Human Rights Watch’s article mentioned that “Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers,” the article was dated 11 Nov 2004 while Source D is from the BBC News website and the article is dated 13 Jan 2005. As Source E predates the tsunami, it is not believable and hence cannot be used to prove that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps.”

OR
Yes/No based on evaluation of provenance

e.g. Yes, because it is from an article published by the Human Rights Watch, the largest human rights organization based in the US. Since their mission is to protect the rights of people, they will definitely publish the article to highlight to the international audience (maybe to the overseas Tamils) that the Tamil Tigers are exploiting children so that the overseas Tamils would not support the Tamil Tigers.

OR

No but likely because it suggests increased probability of such incident
e.g. No, because the Human Rights Watch’s article mentioned that “Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers,” was dated 11 Nov 2004 while Source D is from the BBC News website and the article is dated 13 Jan 2005. As Source E predates the tsunami, it cannot be used to prove that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps after the tsunami.” But it is very likely (highly probable) that the Tamil Tigers would continue to recruit the child soldiers in the relief camp after the tsunami. [7]

Note from the Ess: Notice that you have to be very observant when you analysis the source. You are expected to get information form the background, see the date to make judegement to see if it is reliable or not.

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions,in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

Issue : How far did the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict impact on the efforts to help victims of the December 2004 tsunami?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you answer some of the question.

On 26th December 2004 a huge tsunami(tidal wave) struck many nations around the Indian Ocean. One of the nations worst affected was Sri Lanka,with tens of thousands of people killed or made homeless. The north and east coasts were in the direct path of the tsunami. This area had a population that was mainly Tamil, and much of it was controlled by the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or the Tamil Tigers). Other areas of Sri Lanka were badly hit too. Study the following sources to find out how far the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict impacted on the efforts to help the victims of the December 2004 tsunami.

Source A: From the official website of the Sri Lanka government, 28 December 2004.

Government agents in the north and east have been instructed to assess the damage and estimate the immediate requirements of the people displaced by the tidal waves. Districts in the north and the east have been allocated the sum of 70 million rupees(about 2.5 million Singapore dollars)for immediate relief efforts. Agents can spend this money according to the needs of the people affected by the disaster. Large stocks of food and other essentials have already been sent out, while total requirements of rice will be purchased locally. Requests from the Tamil Tigers for assistance are being met by the government. University students, Sri Lanka military and police personal are donating blood for victims in the north.


Sources B: From a report published on 10 January 2005 by the South Asia Analysis Group an independent organisation based in India.

After the disaster, the LTTE lost no time in organising relief and disposing of dead bodies in the areas under its control.Government agencies and the army were much slower to react in the Tamil areas. Instead, they concentrated their efforts on the Sinhalese-majority areas. Pro-LTTE sources have claimed that the Government has been insensitive to the tragedy suffered by the Tamils, and has tried to take political advantage of it. This could be seen when the government took over the running of relief camps set up by pro-LTTE organisations in Tamil areas controlled by the government.

Source C: From a speech by a Tamil Tiger commander at a conference held in Jaffna on 20 January 2005 to discuss tsunami relief,a s reported by a pro-Tamil website. The conference was chaired by the Jaffna District Government Agent and attended by the United Nations representatives as well as heads of local government departments.

Two-thirds of the loss of lives and property caused by the tsunami has been in Tamil areas in the north east. But the Sri Lanka government is channelling vast sums of international aid to the south,which has a Sinhaleses majority. Big housing schemes and other projects are being launched in the south, but the tsunami victims in the north are still suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.

Source D: From the BBC News website,13 January 2005.

The United Nations (UN) says that Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from the relief camps set up after the December's tsunami. 'In the aftermath of the tsunami, you would have hoped recruitment would have stopped,' a UN spokesman told the BBC. The Tamil Tigers have denied any involvement in the incidents. The spokesman said that having to keep a check on child recruitment was taking away resources that the UN could be using to help children affected by the tsunami.








Source E : A photograph from an article entitled 'Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers',published on teh website of Human Right Watch, teh largest human rights organisation based in the USA,11 Nov 2004.

Source Based Question on the ERP

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

Theme: Understanding Governance
Issue: ERP – a pragmatic or an irrelevant policy for Singapore?


BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is an electronic system of road pricing. It uses a dedicated short-range radio communication system to deduct ERP charges from smart-cards inserted in the in-vehicle units of vehicles each time they pass a pricing point when the system is in operation. The pay-when-you-use principle helps make motorist more aware of the true cost of driving. This way, road usage can be optimised.

The scheme was set up by the authorities to keep the roads significantly free of congestion. It is a mode of control to maintain a good flow of traffic at any one time on our limited road space. A fair pricing system is adopted as payment is only required with the usage of roads during peak hours. This is to encourage motorists to take alternative routes in order to reach their destinations, which gives rise an optimized road usage. In addition, the scheme is designed to make driving more expensive in Singapore, a country where almost every citizen aspires to own their own set of wheels.



1 a. Study Source A

What impression is the citizen trying to create here regarding the ERP scheme with his online posting? Explain your answer.

1 b.

Study Sources B and C
To what extent are they different? Explain your answer.





1(a) Study Source A

What impression is the citizen trying to create here regarding the ERP scheme with his online posting? Explain your answer. (5)

Question target: Making Inference with purpose

L1 Paraphases source, or wrong inference made (not about intended impression created) (1 mark)

e.g. We see ERP gantries all over on the Singapore map.
The cartoonist is mocking the ERP scheme.

L2 Inference, unsupported 2m for 1 unsupported inference and 3m for 2 unsupported inference (2-3 marks)

e.g. The citizen is trying to get all Singaporeans to go against the ERP policy.

L3 Inference, supported 2m for 1 supported inference and 3m for 2 supported inference (4 marks -5 marks)

e.g. The citizen is trying to get all Singaporeans to go against the ERP policy. In this source we see that the citizen is mocking (inference on purpose ) the policy by showing that the government plans to place ERP gantries all over Singapore as shown in the Source (content) This is, to ridicule the policy and to deem it as useless and irrelevant. (explanation) (Remember ICE)

(b) Study Sources B and C

To what extent are they different? Explain your answer. (7)

Question target: Comparison of sources

L1 Difference in source type (1 mark - 2 marks)

e.g. Source B is a textual source while Source C is a cartoon (3 marks)


L2 Differences AND/OR Similarities in content, unsupported

Eg: Infering the Difference
Sources B and C differ in portraying the citizens’ reaction to the ERP scheme. Source B seems to be receptive towards the scheme while Source C seems to be unreceptive towards the scheme.
AND / OR

Infering the Similarity

Both sources acknowledge that ERP is needed in Singapore.


L3 Differences OR similarities in content, with support (4 marks-5 marks)

Award 3m for 1 difference OR 1 similarity, supported
Award 4m for 2 differences OR 2 similarities, supported

e.g.Sources B and C differ in portraying the citizens’ reaction to the ERP scheme. Source B seems to be receptive towards the scheme while Source C seems to be unreceptive towards the scheme. (Infering the differences)

This is seen from the line in Source B, “We will definitely see the public transport system becoming more prevalent and numbers of cars being brought down to inevitably make way for more efficient public transport.” The word “definitely” used here suggests that the speaker is very confident that the ERP will bring about lesser congestion. (Content and Explanation)

Source C, seems to think otherwise judging from the displeasure facial expression of the lady in the cartoon. She seems displeased that she would have to “pay” for owning a car. (Content and Explanation)

L4 Differences AND similarities in content, supported I

Award 4 marks 1 difference AND 1 similarity, supported
Award 5m for 2 differences AND 2 similarities, supported



L5 Similarities in tone / purpose, explained (7 marks)

e.g. Both source differ in their tone towards the ERP scheme. (Infer on tone)

Source B is obviously supportive of it and thinks that it is a brilliant idea as “We will definitely see …numbers of cars being brought down …” He believes that the ERP will work for the good of Singapore. (Content and Explanation)

The cartoonist in Source C mocks and ridicules the ERP policy as being ridiculous. The mechanic’s answer “Yes – when the ERP starts!” and the incredulous facial expression of the lady strongly suggests that the policy is nothing more but to “punished car owners rather than to ease traffic congestion. (Content and Explanation)

(c) Study Sources D and E

Both sources gave opposing views on the effectiveness of the ERP. Does it make one of them wrong? Explain your answer. (6)

Question Target: Comparing Reliability of 2 sources

L1 Both sources are different , so one must be wrong Or identify differences but no explanation OR Provenance only (1 mark)

e.g. Since Source D is published in the Straits Times, it must be correct as Singapore newspaper will not publish inaccurate views. Source E, on the other hand, is merely an opinion and is not checked and corrected as anything can be uploaded into the Internet.

L2 Choice based on content only (3 mark)

e.g. Source E is more right compared to Source D. Source D is merely based on his opinions and not on facts. He was merely giving his views on what he thinks about the ERP. Source D, on the other hand, carries more weight as the speaker actually compares Singapore to that of Bangkok and then concludes that Singapore will end up like Bangkok if the congestion on the roads are not checked. I accept Source E to be the one that is right.

L3 Not wrong, just about differences based on things, place, time or people
Different view point (4 marks)

e.g. Since the ERP scheme is a debatable topic, it is undoubtedly something that can be argued for or against. Both are not wrong. They are merely based on different opinions or people.

The speaker in source D could be a driver himself who has seem no impact of the ERP scheme itself and thus questions it while the speaker the Source E could be a pedestrian who would not feel the pinch of the ERP rates.

L4 Choice based on Biasness, Tone , purpose, explain (5 marks)

e.g. Source D is obviously the wrong one here. The speaker has a negative attitude towards the ERP scheme and questions the justification of the scheme over and over again, shown in the line “I am confused and annoyed by policies affecting car ownership in Singapore.” He mocks the government’s wisdom in policy making and seems to try to illicit negative attitude from other fellow Singaporeans towards this policy.

Source E, on the other hand, justifies the ERP policy by comparing it to another country which faces a bad traffic congestion as shown in “Without the ERP, we might turn into a Bangkok.”

L5 Choice, based on Cross-reference to other sources or contextual knowledge (6 marks)

e.g. The line in Source E, “Without the ERP, we might turn into a Bangkok” implies that Singapore will face bad traffic congestion if left unchecked and that the ERP will help prevent that. This can be supported by Source F, “So if we want more cars on our roads, and at the same time, we also want smooth-flowing traffic on these roads, then invariably ERP rates will go higher and the coverage will be more extensive. This is the key trade-off.” This supports the fact that the ERP is needed to help prevent traffic congestion, a similar point pointed out in Source E. This, by itself, contradicts the speaker in Source D when he says that, “I am confused and annoyed by policies affecting car ownership in Singapore.” The speaker seems to think that ERP is merely an annoyance and not a necessity as painted by both Source E and Source F.




Study Source F

Does this source help in your understanding that the implementation of the ERP is a pragmatic approach? Explain your answer (7)

Question target: Utility of source

L1 Uncritical Acceptance that the Source is useless OR useful (1 mark)

e.g. Source F is useless as evidence he is not the Minister of Transport himself


L2 Useful, because Minister did say that it is for the best interest of the country (2 marks)


L3 Useful, because of the information it reveals (3 marks -4 marks)

e.g. Source F is useful as evidence as it tells us that it is not possible to have a higher number of cars on the road and a smooth-flowing traffic. And as such, the ERP has to be implemented even though the government knows that “it is an unpopular policy.” This means that the scheme is done out of pragmatism.


L4 Useful, because it is by a Minister of Singapore itself. (4 marks)

e.g. Source F is useful as it comes from a Singapore minister himself. Being a minister, his main aim is to ensure that everything done such as policy-making is for the best interest of the country whether or not the policy is popular with the citizens.


L5 Useless due to missing information that Source F contains by referring to other sources (5 marks - 7 marks)

SBQ on Northern Ireland

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.


1(a)Study Source A.

What can you learn from this source about the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? Explain your answer, referring to details of the source.(5)


(b)Study Source B

Why do you think the artist made this statement? Explain your answer.(6)


(c)Study Source C.

Are you surprised by what this source says about the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? (7)


(d)Study Source D and Source E.

Does Source E prove that what shocked viewers across the world in Source D was true?
(7)



Who was responsible for the riots during the Civil Rights March of 1968?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you answer some of the questions.

On 24 August, 1968 the first civil rights march was organized by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA). This first march passed off peacefully but not so a demonstration held a few weeks later on 5 October in Derry. This was banned by the Unionist government and the few hundred who turned out to defy the ban, found themselves sandwiched between lines of baton wielding policemen and were ruthlessly beaten.

That night the television news showed pictures of the police attacking the marchers. The shock and anger this created turned the civil rights campaign into a mass movement.









Source A: Picture showing a mural of the Civil Right March of 5 October 1968. It is drawn by one of the 'The Bogside Artists' William Kelly in Derry, Northern Ireland.













Source B: From a website by the artists who drew the Civil Right
Mural.

Three individuals make up the group known as 'The Bogside Artists' - Tom Kelly, Kevin Masson and William Kelly. The group is famous for their murals in the area of Derry, Northern Ireland.

These murals depict key events of 'the Troubles' in the city since 1968. The artists have lived in the Bogside most of their lives and have experienced the worst of the conflict. In telling this story they have served to acknowledge with dignity if not pride the price paid by those who became victims of the struggle for democratic rights.


Source C: From the BBC News website

Unionists had ruled Northern Ireland for more than 50 years. During that time, the nationalist and Catholic minorities were subject to various kinds of discrimination.

In the late 1960s a group of nationalists, the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, began to work for change. It catalogued discrimination against Catholics in housing and employment and demanded equal voting rights for all in local government elections.


Source D: Information obtained from Wikipedia

NICRA and the Derry Housing Action Committee organised a march to be held in Derry on 5 October 1968. William Craig, the Northern Ireland Home Affairs Minister, banned the civil rights march from the city centre.
When the demonstrators defied the ban, they were baton-charged by the Royal Ulster Constabulary who injured many marchers, including West Belfast MP Gerry Fitt. Television pictures of the march taken by RTÉ cameraman, Gay O'Brien, shocked viewers across the world.


























Source E: A photograph from the Museum of Free Derry showing the scene in Rossville Street, 13th August 1965.


Suggested Answers

1(a) Study Source A.

What can you learn from this source about the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? Explain your answer, referring to details of the source (5)


The Civil Right movement was no n-violence as the mural show a happy, almost festive occasion conducted by people who were content that they were standing up, at long last, against prolonged injustice.
The aim of the march was to bring about the elimination of discrimination in government. This is shown in the poster with words like anti-sectarian, and one man one vote which shows that the march was proetsting against the action of the Protest goevrnment who were favouring the Protestant.


(b) Why do you think the artist made this statement? Explain your answer. (6)

The artists want to convince the viewer that what their intention was to describe ‘The Trouble’ as it was. This is because they have lived in the Bogside most of their lives and have experienced the worst of the conflict.

They want the viewer to recognize the price that some people have paid to fight for their right.


(c) Study Source C.

Are you surprised by what this source says about the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? (7)


No I am not surprise by what this source says about the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland.

The nationalist and the Catholic minorities have been discriminated for more then 50 years during the Unionists rule.
There fore I am not surprise when they demand for housing and employment and equal rights for all in local government election.

This is supported by Source A which is a mural showing that the people asking for jobs and to have the one man one vote system.

Therefore I expected the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland.

(d) Study Source D and Source E.

Does Source E prove that what shocked viewers across the world in Source D was true? (7)

No,it does not prove that what shocked viewers acroos the world in Source D was true as Source E was taken in August while the event described in Source D took place in October.

In addition, the picture did not show protester being baton-charged by the Royal Ulster Constabulary but a burning building.

However Source E is useful in tell me that demonstrators and riots are covered by television crew as Source E shows a televsion crew capturing an event that is taking place in Derry.

Therefore I can infer and guess that the event in Source D would be covered by the television crew and the ocitures taken would shocked the world.
But Source E cannnot prove compeletely that what shicked the viewers across the world in Source D is true.