1. Cold War

The Cold War refers to the political, ideological and economic rivarlry that emerged after World War II betwen US and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies.

It is one of the reason for the causes of conflict. e.g. will be the Korea War bettwen North and South Korea. (Can be used for causes for conflict Textbook. pg 163)

2. The COD Wars

The Cod Wars, also called the Iceland Cod Wars were a series of confrontations in the 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic. The name of the conflict may be derived from a pun on the term "Cold War", possibly via the British tabloid press (Can be used for causes for conflict Textbook. pg 161)

3. Peacekeeping Force

Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace."[1] It is distinguished from both peacebuilding and peacemaking.
Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Beret because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, civilian police officers, and other civilian personnel.

4. Armed Conflict

War and armed conflict are often treated as synonymous terms. War can be describedas the extreme form of armed conflict and usually takes place between states. Armedconflict implies the pursuit of objectives through violence. The Red Cross definition ofarmed conflict is: “any difference between two states leading to the intervention of themembers of the armed forces is an armed conflict.”

5.1964 Racial Riots

The 1964 Race Riots were a series of riots that took place in Singapore during two separate periods in July and September between Chinese and Malay groups. The first incident occurred on 21 July during a Malay procession that marked Muhammad's birthday. In total, the violence killed 36 people and injured another 556. About 3,000 people were arrested. The riots are also known as the Prophet Muhammad Birthday Riots, 1964 Racial Riots, and 1964 Sino-Malay Riots. At that time, Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia. (Can be used for Managing perceptions of different racial groups Textbook. pg 137)

6. The Maria Hertogh Riots

The Maria Hertogh riots or Natrah riots, which started on 11 December 1950 in Singapore, consisted of outraged Muslims who resented the court decision to give the custody of Maria Hertogh (or Bertha Hertogh), then 13, to her biological Dutch Catholic parents after she had been raised as a Muslim under the care of Aminah binte Mohamed, whom she regarded as her mother. The riots lasted till noon on 13 December, with 18 killed, 173 injured and many properties damaged – the worst incident of its kind ever witnessed in Singapore.[dubious – discuss]
Prior to the riots, the disputed custody of Maria had received widespread press coverage. Many Muslims living in Malaya and Indonesia believed in the legitimacy of the adoption of Maria and a later short-lived marriage to Mansoor Adabi, two major points of contest in the court proceeding to determine the custody of Maria. They thus lent their support, financial and moral, to organizations that fought to keep Maria in Malaya. But some, such as the Malayan nationalists, seized the incident as an opportunity to further weaken the colonial government's position in the region. The insensitivity of the colonial government towards Muslim sentiments and the involvement of radical elements eventually culminated in the tragedy. (Can be used for Managing perceptions of different religious groups Textbook. pg 139)

Very Important.

We need to get the following concepts clear.

Racial Harmony IS NOT the same as National Identity which IS NOT the same as Ethnic Diversity.

For example, in Sri Lanka there is ethnic diversity. It is so strong that the Sinhalese and Tamil could nt see eye to eye. So there is no racial harmony. When there is no racial harmony it will lead to conflict.

In Singapore, there is ethnic diversity. We do not force the Chinese to be Malay or India to be Chinese. Yet there is racial harmony because we accept each other. For example. during the seven month the Chinese burn alot of paper and joss stick but the other races accept this.They do not say it is air pollution. The Malaya prays five time a day and the mosque will call the Malays to pray but we do not say it is noise pollution. On Friday the school ends at 12.30 to allow the Malays to pray. So there is no need for us to fight like the Sinhalese and Tamil in Sri Lanka.

Social Harmony --- Different group living peacefully together.

To develop social harmony develop common space

to develop common space have

1.events and programmes organised by grassroots organisation (Textbk 149)
2.Opportunities offered by educational institution(TextBk 150)
3.Common living space provided by public housing.(TextBk 151)
4. Activities conducted by Inter-Racial Confidence Circles(IRCC) amd Harmony Circles(HCs)(TextBk 152)
5.Shared experience through National Services.(TextBk 153)

Once we have developed common space we can have racial harmony.

But having racial harmony does not mean that there will be ethnic diversity.

must safeguard the interests of the minority groups to have or promote ethnic diversity

1.minority representation(TextBk 147)


2.self-help group.(TextBk 148)


To build a National Identity


1. multi-racialism(Textbk 145)

2.common practices (146)

3.bilingualism (146)

Now to manage ethnic diversity we must have


1.Develop common space

2.safe guard the interest of the minority

3.to build national identity

e.g. Mrs Ess is a Chinese married to a Eurasian. She celebrate Chinese New Year and Christmas. She speaks Chinese and English. This is ethnic diversity. I am free to be a Chinese and marry a Eurasian

However I am a Singaporean first and I will help any Singapore. Mr Gana a Tamil is my good friend. He also see himself as a Singaporean. Together we will work for the progress of Singapore. This is national identity.

Social Cohesion is when all races are allowed to freely practice their religion and culture and other race accept these practices.The races are willing to work together.

In other words, I am a Chinese(ethnic diversity) working in a Singapore School (National Identity) teaching all the students -- Indian,Malay, Chinese Eurasian. (social cohesion)








Proud to be Singaporean with Chinese mother, Eurasian father, Indonesian grandfather, India grandmother.

Notice the different skin tone of Mrs Ess's children.Some are darker, some are lighter all equally important to her regardless of the skin colour

What to focus on? the Million dollar question.

Notes from the Ess

Recommendation.

Remember for SEQ you need only answer ONE question.

Below are all the themes for the ss syllabus.They are

1.Singapore as a nation in the world

2.Understanding Governance

3.Conflict and Harmony in Multi Ethnic society

4.Managing International Relations

5.Sustaining Economic development

6.Facing Challenges and Changes

Since theme one is very important, it is not examined. No question will be tested on that. BUT you must read up on that.

You need to study three themes in order to be able to answer that one question.

When I say study three themes, I mean everything inside each theme. YOU CANNOT AFFORD to drop any sub theme.

I recommend theme 2,4,5. so even if 3 and 6 come out, you can still do the last question which must be from 2,4 or 5 right?

Of course you are free to select other combination like 2,3,4 or 4,5,6 or 2,3,5

Just as long as you study three themes you will be able to answer a least ONE question which is what is required in the exam.

REMEMBER:

1.NO Short Cut

2.Study everything within the theme.

3.Reader beware: I am not responsible for your selection of themes. That responsibility lies in your hand.

Click on the label on the blog to go to eachparticular theme

Theme 1. SINGAPORE AS A NATION IN THE WORLD

New nations face political, social and economic challenges to survive and progress in the international community. They need to stay alert and nimble in responding to these challenges. Singapore tries to overcome these challenges through the leadership and common will of its people and by working with other nations.

How do nations come into being and what challenges do they face?

Nationhood and Its Challenges

• What is a nation?

• Challenges faced by new nations such as Singapore

- national identity

- stable government

- social cohesion

- economic development

- defence and security

- diplomacy


Students will be able to:

• explain the concept of nationhood

• discuss challenges faced by new nations

• understand the unique challenges Singapore faced as a newly- independent nation

This theme provides the backdrop for the understanding of subsequent themes and sets Singapore in the context of the world. This theme is non-examinable.


Theme 2.UNDERSTANDING GOVERNANCE

Good governance determines the viability, development and progress of nations. Guided by a set of principles, policies are formulated and implemented to meet the needs of the people and nation. Understanding governance enables us to be aware of the complexities of decision-making in a society and world that faces rapid change.

Why is governance important?

2.1 Policy Process: Formulation and Implementation

2.1.1• Meeting the needs of the people and nation, using the transport policy as an example to examine:

- principles of governance

- roles and responsibilities of the legislature, executive and judiciary

- role of media and feedback channels in the policy process

2.1.2• Case study of Singapore’s population policies to examine policy changes over time

- population policies from the 1970s to the 21st century

- challenges of and responses to ageing population and declining birth rate

2.2.Similar Problems, Different Approaches

2.2.1• A comparative study of public health care policies in Singapore and United Kingdom

- how policies work in different countries

- impact of policies on society and nation

Students will be able to:

• understand the significance of government structure

• recognise the importance of principles of governance in policy formulation and implementation

• evaluate the role of communication channels in policy-making

• recognise that policies change to meet changing needs of society and nation

• recognise that different governments adopt different approaches to solve similar problems

• evaluate the effectiveness of the policies in meeting the health care needs of the people and nation

Theme 3.CONFLICT AND HARMONY IN MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETIES

Different ethnic, religious and cultural groups contribute to the diversity and richness of multi-ethnic societies. However, it is important to be vigilant against the forces of divisiveness that cause conflict and disintegration of societies. Common bonds should be strengthened to unite the people as a nation

Why is harmony in a multi-ethnic society important to the development and viability of a nation?

3.1 Discord and Disunity

3.1.1• Case studies of Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland

i. - causes of conflict among ethnic and religious groups

ii. - manifestations of conflicts

iii. - impact of conflicts on political, social and economic development

iv. - efforts to resolve the conflicts

3.2 Social Cohesion and Harmony

3.2.1• Case study of Singapore

3.2.1.1- internal and external threats e.g. Race Riots in Singapore, terrorism

3.2.1.2- managing ethnic diversity and its challenges

i. addressing the needs of the different ethnic groups e.g. policy of minority representation

ii. integrating the ethnic groups in society e.g. forging national identity, developing common space


3.2.2• benefits of a harmonious multi-ethnic society

Students will be able to:

• explain why conflicts exist among different ethnic and religious groups

• analyse the political, economic and social impact of ethnic and religious conflicts on the people and nation

• value the need for non-violent approaches like negotiation, mediation and cooperation in resolving conflicts

• explain the internal and external threats to Singapore’s harmony

• recognise the need for ethnic and religious sensitivities and tolerance
• explain how social cohesion and racial and religious harmony can be achieved in a multi-ethnic society

• appreciate living in a multi-ethnic society

Theme 4.MANAGING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Conflicts among nations exist as countries strive to safeguard their national interests. When deterrent and diplomatic measures fail to resolve conflicts, war can result. World and regional organisations like the United Nations play crucial roles in resolving conflict among nations. World security is further complicated by new threats such as transnational terrorism which is a challenge to all nations in achieving peace and prosperity.

How important is deterrence and diplomacy in maintaining international relations among nations?

4.1 Why Conflicts Exist among Nations

• Causes of international conflicts

4.2 How Singapore Ensures its National Security

• Singapore’s two-pronged approach of deterrence and diplomacy:

4.2.1Deterrence:

i.Total Defence strategy

ii.professional and citizen armed force

iii.defence industries

iv.joint military exercises with other nations

v.multi-agency coordination on security

4.2.2Diplomacy:

i.bilateral and multi-lateral relations

ii. membership in regional and international organisations e.g. ASEAN and UN

4.3 How Conflict in One Region can Affect the Rest of the World

4.3.1• Case Study of Iraq-Kuwait Conflict (1990-91)

- causes of conflict

- role of UN

- impact on the rest of the world

4.3.2• Transnational Terrorism: A new threat to world security

- impact on world and national security

- measures to deal with transnational terrorism




Students will be able to:

• understand why conflicts exist among nations

• recognise the need for a two-pronged approach of deterrence and diplomacy
• explain the need to be self-reliant for Singapore’s security
• recognise the need for coordination among agencies to maintain a high level of vigilance

• understand the role and relevance of regional and international organisations, particularly to small countries
• recognise the importance of international cooperation

analyse causes of conflict

• evaluate role of UN

• evaluate impact of conflict on nations involved and the rest of the world.

• recognise terrorism as a growing challenge to world security
• examine the measures undertaken to deal with transnational terrorism
• understand the impact of terrorism on world and national security

Theme 5. SUSTAINING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Globalisation of the world economy presents new challenges and opportunities to nations. Adopting proactive and effective strategies to remain economically competitive would help the nations to develop and progress in an increasingly competitive world economy.

How do nations sustain their economic development in a globalised world?

5.1 Sustaining Economic Development in a Globalised World

5.1.1• Globalisation and its challenges and opportunities

- scarcity of resources

- globalisation and its effects on national and world economies

- competition for investment and markets e.g. industrial parks, port and air services

- effects on employment and competition for talent

- balancing economic development with environmental management e.g. air pollution and tourism industry in Southeast Asia

5.1.2• Singapore’s strategies for economic development in a globalised world

i. - diversifying the economy

a.manufacturing and services as twin engines of growth e.g. bio-medical research and education

b.venturing abroad e.g. Singtel

ii.- nurturing growth of SMEs e.g. financial assistance

iii.- expanding market reach through economic cooperation e.g. Free Trade Agreements

iv.- managing resources

a.optimising human capital e.g. continuous learning and training, developing innovation and enterprise; attracting and retaining talent

b.optimising landuse e.g. Jurong Island and Downtown Marina projects

Students will be able to:

• understand how scarce resources affect national and world economies
• explain how globalisation creates opportunities and challenges for nations
• understand how environmental management is necessary to ensure economic growth

• explain the need for diversification and establishment of niche industries to maintain competitive edge
• understand the importance of foreign ventures

• appreciate that not all ventures are successful
• recognise that risk-taking is needed for economic growth
• recognise the role of SMEs in economic development
• understand the importance of economic cooperation with other countries
• evaluate the importance of managing resources

Theme 6. FACING CHALLENGES AND CHANGE

Nations that survive and succeed are those that are able to face challenges and develop into viable entities. However, failure to respond to the changing global landscape over time may result in a nation fading into obscurity

What can nations learn from the rise and fall of Venice as a city-state?
Overcoming the Odds and Fading into Obscurity

• Case study of Venice

- factors that led to the rise of Venice e.g. good statesmanship, enterprising spirit

- factors that led to the decline and fall of Venice e.g. corrupt leaders, complacent society, failure to respond to new changes

− lessons for nations

Students will be able to:

• understand how Venice achieved prosperity

• evaluate the factors responsible for the decline and fall of Venice

• draw lessons that nations can learn from the rise and decline of Venice

Do you agree that foreign intervention is more important than economic impact on Sri Lankan government’s desire for peace agreement? Explain your answer

Foreign intervention by India helped to promote peace in Sri Lanka. But this is not the only reason. Economic impact of the conflict is very negative and has caused loss of foreign investment.This has also contributed to the Sri Lanka government's desire for peace.

The Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka attracted the attention of its neighbour, India. It sent its Foreign Minister to Sri Lanka to mediate in a dialogue between the Sinhalese and the Tamils.

India’s intervention was a serious violation of Sri Lanka’s sovereignty. This is because Sri Lanka is an independent country and she had been forced into certain actions by India against its own wishes, showing that it is not totally in control of its own future. For example, in 1987, the Sri Lankan government was forced by India to sign a peace accord with the LTTE. When the peace accord was broken because the LTTE did not surrender their arms, the Indian government ordered Indian troops into Sri Lanka for peacekeeping. This move resulted in even more violence in the country and prolonged the armed conflict. The Sri Lankan government also felt that it has lost complete independence to act on its own, and thus cease to be in control of its own fate.

All these consequences could have caused the Sri Lankan government to deepen its desire for peace agreement as it hope to regain it independence. In its intervention, the Indian government has also sent its Foreign Minister to Sri Lanka to mediate in the dialogue between the Sinhalese and the Tamils. Although the dialogue failed to end the conflict, it has helped to promote peace by forcing the two sides to discuss their problems.

In the riots and armed struggles caused by the conflict, many people are killed. Those killed are usually breadwinners of families, plunging them into poverty and starvation. The ensuing riots and terrorism also resulted in the destruction of factories and businesses, effectively causing even more employment. This vicious cycle of poverty is made worse by the loss of investments from other countries as in times of instability, investors from other countries may not have the confidence to invest in the country. Foreign investment dropped from US$66 million in 1982 to US$39 million in 1983, and a further decline to US$22 million in 1986.

Tourism, one of Sri Lanka’s major income earners, was also seriously damaged by the violent internal conflict. Tourist arrivals steadily decreased after the July 1983 riots. This resulted in a loss of jobs and a fall in foreign exchange earnings. This in turn, affected the economy adversely. There were also lesser funds to develop amenities and facilities for the people, such as transport and housing.

All the above consequences of the conflict have affected the economy of Sri Lankan negatively and thus increased Sri Lankan government’s desire for peace agreement.

Ultimately there is no single reason that can explain sufficiently the reason why the Sri Lanka government has the desire for peace. Both reasons contributed to the peace process. With India's intervention, the Sri Lanka government realised that if it does not work for peace then India may take matters into their own hands and force a peace settlement. At the same time, the continued conflict has hinder economic growth and development and the government knows that only when there is peace will there be development. Therefore both reasons has contributed to the desire for peace.

(Note from the Ess

You must show how the two factors are dependent on each other and therefore both have equal impact on Sri Lankan government for peace agreement.)

How far did resettlement of the Sinhalese to the Tamil areas caused the conflict in Sri Lanka? Explain your answer.

Issue : Reasons for the conflict in Sri Lanka

Given Factor : Resettlement of Sinhalese to the Tamil areas

Alternative Factor :
Citizenship rights
Official Language Act

Rank:

The conflict between the Sinhalese and the Tamils has existed since 1948. This is because the Tamils feel that the Sinhalese-dominated government has been unfair to them in various ways.

.g. The government implemented a policy to provide land for the poor Sinhalese peasants. These peasants were transferred from the densely-populated south western and central areas into Tamil areas. However, the Buddhists monks and the Sri Lankan Army came with the other Sinhalese to the Tamil areas to occupy the land. This caused unhappiness because the Tamils now have to compete with the Sinhalese peasants for land as well as jobs and sales of their products. They thus resented the government and began to oppose the government. Many gave their support to the Tamil Tigers in their opposition against the government and this gave rise to the conflict. There was also resentment against the monks and the Sri Lankan Army and this worsened the relationship between the Tamils and the Sinhalese, increasing the tension and the hostility. Therefore resettlement of the Sinhalese to the Tamil areas caused the conflict in Sri Lanka but it is not the only reason.

For example, in 1948, Sri Lanka granted citizenship to only those who were either born in Sri Lanka or those whose fathers and grandfathers are born there. As a result many Indian Tamils found themselves stateless. Though India tried to help them solve this problem, many Indian Tamils continued to remain stateless in the late 1980s. This caused them to be very unhappy as despite their contribution to the economy, they were not given citizenship rights like voting. They thus supported the Tamil Tigers in their opposition against the government and this caused the conflict. Therefore citizenship rights also contribute to the conflict in Sri Lanka.

Under the British rule the language of administration was English and the Tamils held powerful jobs in the government service because of their good command of English which the Sinhalese did not learn well. However, when the 1956 Official Language Act was passed, Sinhalese became the language of administration. The Tamils held a peaceful demonstration which was however disrupted by the supporters of the Sinhala language. This upset the Tamils as they found that they were unable to secure jobs or be promoted in the government service. They also concluded that peaceful means might not work and that violence might be the answer to the problem. Hence they supported the Tamil Tigers and this caused the conflict. So this is yet another reason that contribute to the conflict in Sri Lanka.

The conflict between Sri Lanka has been going on for a very long time. Citizenship rights used to be an important issue but has now became a secondary concern as in 2003, the Sri Lanka passed a bill that grant citizenship rights to the Tamils. Similarly the Official Language Act that brought about so much unhappiness has been partly resolved. This is because the Sri Lanka government has granted greater recognition to the Tamil language by declaring it the national language, the language of administration in the norther and eastern provinces as well as an official language. Therefore these two factors are no longer the most important causes for the conflict as the Sri Lanka government has made effort to resolve the issue.

However, the resettlement of the Sinhalese to the Tamil areas has not been resolved. This resentment that the Tamil feel over the issue of resettlement has continued to contribute to the conflict. Therefore, this resentment is the most important reason for the causes of the conflict.

(Note from the Ess :The answer should not only provide the reasons why it is the most important factor and but also the reasons why the other two factors are not as important or show a correlation between the three factors.

Award 11 marks for explaining why one factor is the most important factor and why one other factor is not as important and 12 marks for explaining why one factor is the most important and why 2 other factors are not as important.)

Quick guide: Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is located about 31km (18.5 miles) off the southern coast of India. For much of the last 20 years it has suffered fighting between the armed forces of the predominantly Sinhalese government and Tamil Tiger rebels who want an independent homeland in the north and east.

Sri Lanka is a multi-ethnic country, with a population of 18m people. It is an ancient centre of Buddhism. It also has a significant number of Hindus, Christians and Muslims. There are also a number of smaller communities such as the Burghers and the Veddas.

The civil war has killed about 64,000 people, displaced one million and held back the island's growth and economic development.


The origins of the current violence go back to the island's independence from Britain in 1948.

Although the years immediately following the end of colonial rule were largely peaceful, from the outset there were tensions between the majority Sinhalese community - who are mostly Buddhist - and the Tamil community who are mostly either Hindu or Roman Catholic.

The communities speak different languages - Sinhala and Tamil - and both claim their ancestors were original settlers on the island.

While the island's population enjoys what is arguably the highest per capita standard of living in South Asia, in the years after independence the Tamil community complained of discrimination when it came to getting jobs in the civil service or winning places at universities.

The government argued it was redressing the imbalance from colonial times when Sinhalas accused the British of giving preferential treatment to Tamils.

The run-up to war

Resentment over perceived discrimination was cited by the Tamil Tiger leader, Prabhakaran, as the motivating factor behind his decision to form the Tamil New Tigers militia in 1972. In 1976, this body changed its name to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) more commonly known as the Tamil Tigers.

The cause of "Eelam" - a Tamil homeland in the north and east - has been invoked to justify countless suicide bombings by the Tigers on civilian and military targets.

One of the first such attacks was ordered by Prabhakaran in 1983, when the Tamil Tigers attacked an army patrol in the north of the country.

That in turn led to anti-Tamil riots in which an estimated 600 people were killed and thousands displaced.

Pattern emerges

From that moment onwards, it can be argued that the Sri Lankan conflict followed a pattern that in many ways is still repeated today.

Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and for parts of this decade, the country has witnessed a combination of Tamil Tiger suicide attacks on the one hand and repeated military skirmishes in the north and east on the other.
The violence over this time period has been interspersed by various international efforts to negotiate a peace settlement: technically the two sides are not at war despite the recent violence, as neither has formally withdrawn from a peace treaty signed in 2002.

Both the military and the Tamil Tigers have been frequently accused of gross violations of human rights by international rights groups.

Civilians have been routinely murdered and thousands made homeless by the years of war.

The fighting has been complicated by the existence of shadowy paramilitary groups. Also a group of rebels led by their eastern commander, Karuna, broke away from the Tamil Tigers in March, 2004.

The conflict has also had a disastrous impact on reconstruction efforts after the December 2004 Asian tsunami with the distribution of international aid hampered by the fighting.

Can either side secure a military triumph?

Neither seems to have the muscle to win outright military victory - although both have had their successes.

In recent months it can perhaps be argued that while the conflict is no less winnable for either side - it has become a great deal more bloody.
At least 2,000 people - troops, Tamil Tiger rebels and Tamil, Sinhalese and Muslim civilians - were killed in the first nine months of 2006, the government and truce monitors say.

Unless common ground can be found between the government's oft-stated position that it is only prepared to allow more autonomy for the north and east and the Tiger's desire for full-scale independence for these areas, a solution to this most intractable of disputes looks as far away as ever.

Right from the horses mouth

2008 GCE SOCIAL STUDIES ‘N’ LEVEL EXAM MARK SCHEME

Please study this mark scheme very carefully so that you know how to score well.

(a) Study Source A.
What can you learn from this source about the reaction of the Sri Lankan government to the tsunami disaster? Explain your answer, referring to details of the source. [5]

L1 Repeats details about the government’s actions from the source.

e.g. Source A mentions that the Sri Lankan government sent “large stocks of food and other essentials” to the affected areas. [1]

L2 Inferences about the government wanting to help/ trying to help
2m for an unsupported inference
3m for a supported inference

e.g. Source A tells me that the Sri Lankan government wanted to help the victims of the Tsunami as it mentioned that “large stocks of food and other essentials have already been sent out” to the north and east” i.e. areas affected by the tsunami.. [2-3]

L3 Unsupported valid inferences about the government’s reaction / nature of government’s help

e.g. Source A tells me that the Sri Lankan government was caring, sympathetic or generous / The government acted quickly and effectively.
[3]

L4 Supported valid inferences

e.g. (L3) + I can tell this because it says the government “allocated 70 million rupees” and “have already dispatched large stocks of rice and essentials to the north and east” i.e. areas affected by the tsunami. [4]

L5 Inferred purpose

e.g. (L4) + As the source is from the official website of the Sri Lankan government, most probably, the government is taking political advantage (purpose) of the situation to show the international audience/Tamils that it cares about the welfare of all its Tamil citizens even Tamil Tigers and their supporters who lived in the Tsunami affected areas in the north and east. [5]

Note from the Ess : Notice that to get the highest marks you need to have Purpose and content to explain the purpose.

(b) Study Source B.
Are you surprised by what this source says about the reaction of the Sri Lankan government to the tsunami disaster? Explain your answer. [7]

L1 Identifies content which is surprising / not surprising, but no reason given

e.g. Not surprised that the “government agencies and army were much slower to react in the Tamil areas.” It is understandable why the LTTE reacted faster and “lost no time in organizing relief and disposing of dead bodies in the areas” while the government were slower because these areas are “under the LTTE control,” hence they have access to the place.

OR

Unexplained provenance [1]

L2 Commonsense reasons given for surprised / not surprised

i.e. no use of contextual knowledge of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict / other sources

e.g. Not surprised because the government is made up of Sinhalese. Hence it is logical that they will help their own people first. [2]

L3 Not surprised, provenance explains why source is critical

e.g. Not surprised, although the source is an independent organization, it is based in India. Hence it could be biased towards the Tamils and hence would be critical of the Sinhalese-majority government. [3]

L4 Surprised / not surprised, explained by cross-reference to other sources

4m for weak cross-references

5m if cross reference is done properly

e.g. Surprised, because it implied that the government does not care about the Tamils in the north as it mentioned that the “government has been insensitive to the tragedy suffered by the Tamils.” This assertion that the government does not care about the Tamils in the north is not true as it is opposed by Source A which mentioned that the government “allocated 70 million rupees” and “have already dispatched large stocks of rice and essentials to the north and east” i.e. areas affected by the tsunami, implying that the government is caring/sympathetic to Tamils living in tsunami affected areas.

OR

e.g. Not surprised, because it implied that the government treated the Sinhalese better than the Tamils as it mentioned that the “government has been insensitive to the tragedy suffered by the Tamils” and “concentrated their efforts on the Sinhalese-majority areas.” This assertion the government treated the Sinhalese better than the Tamils is true as it is supported by Source C which mentioned that the government “channeled vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” and “the tsunami victims in the north are still suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.”.
[4-5]

L5 Not surprised, explained with reference to the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict

6m for undeveloped references to the conflict

7m when conflict is used in the development of the explanation

e.g. [L4] + Not surprised that the government “ignored the LTTE’s request for heavy equipment to repair damaged roads” because the LTTE are against the Sri Lankan government. They have caused a lot of trouble to the government. They went back on their words by not putting down their arms and make the peace agreement impossible. Hence it is logical that the government ignored the LTTE’s request as the LTTE may make use of the situation to further their cause. [6-7]

Note from the Ess : Notice to get the highest marks you need to have cross reference +contextual knowledge.



(c) Study Source C.
Why do you think the Tamil Tiger commander made this speech? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Reasons based on content – what he thinks or feels / what was happening or the situation
1m for 1 reason
2m for 2 reasons

e.g. He feels that the government is unfair, “channelling vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” and ignoring “the tsunami victims in the north [who are Tamils] and suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.”.
[1-2]

L2 Reasons based on content – messages / what he wanted to say
i.e. These answers are based solely on the content of Source C

2m for 1 reason
3m for 2 reasons

e.g. He made the speech to highlight (purpose word) to the international audience that the government is biased towards the Sinhalese and uncaring towards the Tamils as he said that “the government “channeled vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” and “the tsunami victims in the north are still suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.”. [2-3]

L3 Reasons based on context: because of the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict / the conference / the status of the Tigers
i.e. awareness of context beyond what is mentioned in Source C

OR

Reasons based on purpose: impact on audience – what he wanted the audience to do (sic)

e.g. He made the speech to convince the international audience (audience) about the discriminating actions of the government towards the Tamils i.e. the government is biased towards the Sinhalese and uncaring towards the Tamils as he said that “the government “channeled vast sums of international aid to the south, which has a Sinhalese majority” so that they would put pressure on the government to channel the aid they have given to develop the north. (outcome)[4]

L4 L2 + L3 [5-6]


Note from the Ess : Notice to get the highest level you need to have Purpose, Audience and Outcome(PAO) which is what we have been stressing all this time in our lesson.

(d) Study Sources D and E.
Does Source E prove that what the UN claimed in Source D was true? Explain your answer. [7]

L1 Assertion rejecting what Source E shows / what Source D says

e.g. No. Source D said that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps”, but Source E does not show that this is happening [1]

L2 Assertion based on provenance of Source D / Source E

Based on provenance of Source D

e.g. Yes, because it is from the BBC News website. If they report something that is not true, UN may sue them.

OR

Based on provenance of Source E

e.g. Yes, because it is from an article published by the Human Rights Watch, the largest human rights organization based in the US. [2]

L3 No, because the picture does not show a Tamil. The child looked more like a Vietnamese! [3]

L4 Yes. Uncritical acceptance of proof based on comparison of Source D and E

4m for weak comparison
5m if comparison is good

e.g. Yes, both sources agree that the Tamil Tigers are recruiting child soldiers. Source D mentioned that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps.” Similarly, the Human Rights Watch’s article also mentioned that “Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers.”
[4-5]

L5 No, because Tigers deny it in Source D

e.g. No. Source D mentioned that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps”, but the BBC news reported that the “Tamil Tigers have denied any involvement in the recruitment incidents.” [6]

L6 No, because Source E predates the tsunami

e.g. No. Although the Human Rights Watch’s article mentioned that “Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers,” the article was dated 11 Nov 2004 while Source D is from the BBC News website and the article is dated 13 Jan 2005. As Source E predates the tsunami, it is not believable and hence cannot be used to prove that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps.”

OR
Yes/No based on evaluation of provenance

e.g. Yes, because it is from an article published by the Human Rights Watch, the largest human rights organization based in the US. Since their mission is to protect the rights of people, they will definitely publish the article to highlight to the international audience (maybe to the overseas Tamils) that the Tamil Tigers are exploiting children so that the overseas Tamils would not support the Tamil Tigers.

OR

No but likely because it suggests increased probability of such incident
e.g. No, because the Human Rights Watch’s article mentioned that “Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers,” was dated 11 Nov 2004 while Source D is from the BBC News website and the article is dated 13 Jan 2005. As Source E predates the tsunami, it cannot be used to prove that the UN claimed that “the Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from relief camps after the tsunami.” But it is very likely (highly probable) that the Tamil Tigers would continue to recruit the child soldiers in the relief camp after the tsunami. [7]

Note from the Ess: Notice that you have to be very observant when you analysis the source. You are expected to get information form the background, see the date to make judegement to see if it is reliable or not.

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions,in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

Issue : How far did the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict impact on the efforts to help victims of the December 2004 tsunami?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you answer some of the question.

On 26th December 2004 a huge tsunami(tidal wave) struck many nations around the Indian Ocean. One of the nations worst affected was Sri Lanka,with tens of thousands of people killed or made homeless. The north and east coasts were in the direct path of the tsunami. This area had a population that was mainly Tamil, and much of it was controlled by the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or the Tamil Tigers). Other areas of Sri Lanka were badly hit too. Study the following sources to find out how far the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict impacted on the efforts to help the victims of the December 2004 tsunami.

Source A: From the official website of the Sri Lanka government, 28 December 2004.

Government agents in the north and east have been instructed to assess the damage and estimate the immediate requirements of the people displaced by the tidal waves. Districts in the north and the east have been allocated the sum of 70 million rupees(about 2.5 million Singapore dollars)for immediate relief efforts. Agents can spend this money according to the needs of the people affected by the disaster. Large stocks of food and other essentials have already been sent out, while total requirements of rice will be purchased locally. Requests from the Tamil Tigers for assistance are being met by the government. University students, Sri Lanka military and police personal are donating blood for victims in the north.


Sources B: From a report published on 10 January 2005 by the South Asia Analysis Group an independent organisation based in India.

After the disaster, the LTTE lost no time in organising relief and disposing of dead bodies in the areas under its control.Government agencies and the army were much slower to react in the Tamil areas. Instead, they concentrated their efforts on the Sinhalese-majority areas. Pro-LTTE sources have claimed that the Government has been insensitive to the tragedy suffered by the Tamils, and has tried to take political advantage of it. This could be seen when the government took over the running of relief camps set up by pro-LTTE organisations in Tamil areas controlled by the government.

Source C: From a speech by a Tamil Tiger commander at a conference held in Jaffna on 20 January 2005 to discuss tsunami relief,a s reported by a pro-Tamil website. The conference was chaired by the Jaffna District Government Agent and attended by the United Nations representatives as well as heads of local government departments.

Two-thirds of the loss of lives and property caused by the tsunami has been in Tamil areas in the north east. But the Sri Lanka government is channelling vast sums of international aid to the south,which has a Sinhaleses majority. Big housing schemes and other projects are being launched in the south, but the tsunami victims in the north are still suffering in welfare centres without adequate aid and other assistance.

Source D: From the BBC News website,13 January 2005.

The United Nations (UN) says that Tamil Tiger rebels have been recruiting child soldiers from the relief camps set up after the December's tsunami. 'In the aftermath of the tsunami, you would have hoped recruitment would have stopped,' a UN spokesman told the BBC. The Tamil Tigers have denied any involvement in the incidents. The spokesman said that having to keep a check on child recruitment was taking away resources that the UN could be using to help children affected by the tsunami.








Source E : A photograph from an article entitled 'Tamil Tigers recruit child soldiers',published on teh website of Human Right Watch, teh largest human rights organisation based in the USA,11 Nov 2004.

SBQ on Northern Ireland

Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.


1(a)Study Source A.

What can you learn from this source about the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? Explain your answer, referring to details of the source.(5)


(b)Study Source B

Why do you think the artist made this statement? Explain your answer.(6)


(c)Study Source C.

Are you surprised by what this source says about the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? (7)


(d)Study Source D and Source E.

Does Source E prove that what shocked viewers across the world in Source D was true?
(7)



Who was responsible for the riots during the Civil Rights March of 1968?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you answer some of the questions.

On 24 August, 1968 the first civil rights march was organized by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA). This first march passed off peacefully but not so a demonstration held a few weeks later on 5 October in Derry. This was banned by the Unionist government and the few hundred who turned out to defy the ban, found themselves sandwiched between lines of baton wielding policemen and were ruthlessly beaten.

That night the television news showed pictures of the police attacking the marchers. The shock and anger this created turned the civil rights campaign into a mass movement.









Source A: Picture showing a mural of the Civil Right March of 5 October 1968. It is drawn by one of the 'The Bogside Artists' William Kelly in Derry, Northern Ireland.













Source B: From a website by the artists who drew the Civil Right
Mural.

Three individuals make up the group known as 'The Bogside Artists' - Tom Kelly, Kevin Masson and William Kelly. The group is famous for their murals in the area of Derry, Northern Ireland.

These murals depict key events of 'the Troubles' in the city since 1968. The artists have lived in the Bogside most of their lives and have experienced the worst of the conflict. In telling this story they have served to acknowledge with dignity if not pride the price paid by those who became victims of the struggle for democratic rights.


Source C: From the BBC News website

Unionists had ruled Northern Ireland for more than 50 years. During that time, the nationalist and Catholic minorities were subject to various kinds of discrimination.

In the late 1960s a group of nationalists, the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, began to work for change. It catalogued discrimination against Catholics in housing and employment and demanded equal voting rights for all in local government elections.


Source D: Information obtained from Wikipedia

NICRA and the Derry Housing Action Committee organised a march to be held in Derry on 5 October 1968. William Craig, the Northern Ireland Home Affairs Minister, banned the civil rights march from the city centre.
When the demonstrators defied the ban, they were baton-charged by the Royal Ulster Constabulary who injured many marchers, including West Belfast MP Gerry Fitt. Television pictures of the march taken by RTÉ cameraman, Gay O'Brien, shocked viewers across the world.


























Source E: A photograph from the Museum of Free Derry showing the scene in Rossville Street, 13th August 1965.


Suggested Answers

1(a) Study Source A.

What can you learn from this source about the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? Explain your answer, referring to details of the source (5)


The Civil Right movement was no n-violence as the mural show a happy, almost festive occasion conducted by people who were content that they were standing up, at long last, against prolonged injustice.
The aim of the march was to bring about the elimination of discrimination in government. This is shown in the poster with words like anti-sectarian, and one man one vote which shows that the march was proetsting against the action of the Protest goevrnment who were favouring the Protestant.


(b) Why do you think the artist made this statement? Explain your answer. (6)

The artists want to convince the viewer that what their intention was to describe ‘The Trouble’ as it was. This is because they have lived in the Bogside most of their lives and have experienced the worst of the conflict.

They want the viewer to recognize the price that some people have paid to fight for their right.


(c) Study Source C.

Are you surprised by what this source says about the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland? (7)


No I am not surprise by what this source says about the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland.

The nationalist and the Catholic minorities have been discriminated for more then 50 years during the Unionists rule.
There fore I am not surprise when they demand for housing and employment and equal rights for all in local government election.

This is supported by Source A which is a mural showing that the people asking for jobs and to have the one man one vote system.

Therefore I expected the reason for the Civil Right movement in Northern Ireland.

(d) Study Source D and Source E.

Does Source E prove that what shocked viewers across the world in Source D was true? (7)

No,it does not prove that what shocked viewers acroos the world in Source D was true as Source E was taken in August while the event described in Source D took place in October.

In addition, the picture did not show protester being baton-charged by the Royal Ulster Constabulary but a burning building.

However Source E is useful in tell me that demonstrators and riots are covered by television crew as Source E shows a televsion crew capturing an event that is taking place in Derry.

Therefore I can infer and guess that the event in Source D would be covered by the television crew and the ocitures taken would shocked the world.
But Source E cannnot prove compeletely that what shicked the viewers across the world in Source D is true.

Student' Essay : Conflict in Multi-Ethnic Societies: Case Study of Sri Lanka

Conflict in Multi-Ethnic Societies: Case Study of Sri Lanka


a. To what extent is citizenship rights responsible for the conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils?

The Sinhalese and the Tamils have been having conflict in Sri Lanka. Most of the issues revolve around the discriminatory policies against the Tamils practiced by the Sri Lankan government which prefers Sinhalese, the majority.

One of such policy is the citizenship rights. In 1948, when Sri Lanka gained independence, only those born in Sri Lanka or whose forefathers were born there were given Sri Lankan citizenship. This caused many Indian Tamils to be stateless, although they have contributed significantly to Sri Lankan economy. They resent the government and this was one of the sparks that ignite the conflict between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. Since 2003, though, this issue had been resolved, making this an irrelevant cause for the present conflict.

Another policy is the ‘Sinhala Only’ language policy. Sinhala was to be used as the only language in government officer. Tamils who work in the government offices are to learn Sinhala in three years or face retrenchment. This upset many Tamil civil servants as it was very hard for them to learn Sinhala. This policy seems to discriminate Tamils and thus aggravate the resentment between the Tamils and the Sinhalese.

University admission criteria is another unfair policy practised by the Sri Lankan government. Since the 1970s, Tamil students have to score higher than Sinhalese students in order to enter the same course in the universities. This system does not agree with the principle of meritocracy and upsets Tamil students who found it difficult to get into universities. Many youths thus, seeing no future, decided to join LTTE, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, to fight for their rights and to gain an independent Tamil state from Sri Lanka. The fuelled resentment between youths makes the conflict much worse since it now affects the younger generation, making the conflict continues to the next generations.

In conclusion, although there are many factors responsible for the conflict between the Sinhalese and Tamils, I think university admission criteria is the one which is most responsible for it.

Citizenship rights might have started the conflict, but since 2003, the Tamils have received their citizenship. The ‘Sinhala Only’ language policy is also not the one most responsible for the conflict since Tamil has since been adopted as an official language in Tamil-dominated areas. It did add to the resentment between both sides, but not anymore.

Besides, after one generation, it is possible to have Sinhala-speaking Tamils. University admission criteria is the one that has not yet been resolved until now, and this creates uneducated Tamil youths. One might say they do not necessarily turn to violence, but one must also understand that it is not easy for uneducated people to express their opinions and thoughts.

Moreover, having small number of Tamils entering the university and having a small number of degree-holders, less Tamils can get into government jobs, making it even harder for them to fight for their rights peacefully.

Thus I think citizenship rights come after university admission criteria as a cause of conflict in Sri Lanka, but before the ‘Sinhala Only’ language policy.


Well done. L6 12/12 Can any one tell me why?

b. “The most serious consequence of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict is the economic devastation of the country.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

The conflict between the Sinhalese and the Tamils had brought devastation to the once modern country. Among those are political, economic and social consequences.

Economic consequences are unavoidable when a conflict strikes a country. In Sri Lanka’s case, the conflict had greatly reduced the number of tourists and caused great loss of foreign investments. Tourists do not dare to go to Sri Lanka since it is unsafe with LTTE’s attacking every part of the country. Foreign businessmen also do not dare to invest in Sri Lanka since their factories could be destroyed in a terrorist attack in the country anytime. The attacks and riots destroying factories and industries also cause unemployment. All these brought economic devastation to the country, leaving the whole Sri Lanka to suffer in poverty.

There are also social consequences brought about by this conflict. Tamils, fearing conflict and discrimination, are forced out of their homeland to somewhere else, for example India, to migrate for safety. The conflict has also left a scar between the Sinhalese and the Tamils. The hatred between them might stay for generations to come, creating a society divided by suspicion and distrust. Crime rates are also high since economic conditions are poor. Orphans and squatters are abundant due to terrorist bombings and economic problems. This shows how social consequences can further damage the country.

Political consequences are also a consequence of the conflict. There are armed conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils, causing high mortality rate in Sri Lanka. There had been numerous clashes between the Sinhalese and the Tamils, with Sri Lankan policemen and army not trying to remedy the situation but participate in attacks against Tamils. Armed conflict brought about not only deaths but also caused an increase in handicapped people, generated great loss of money and hinders development. Also, there is foreign intervention by India. India dropped supply at Jaffna for the Tamils and entered Sri Lankan airspace illegally by doing so. Political consequences suffered by Sri Lanka were heavy.

In conclusion, I disagree that economical consequences are the most serious consequence of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. In my opinion, political consequence is the most serious consequence, followed by economic consequence and social consequence.

Political consequences include armed conflict which causes instability in the country, causing economic problems as people dare not to go to Sri Lanka for holiday or investments. Afterwards, since there are economic problems, came social problems that arose mostly due to poverty and instability and the unsafeness of the region. Political consequence is the underlying cause of the other two consequences and thus I think s the most serious one.

Economic consequences follow behind as the second-most serious consequences, as it brought heavy damages to the country. In turn, economic consequences brought about by political consequences caused social consequences.

Thus social consequences were the least serious out of the three consequences.
In addition to political consequences as the underlying cause of the other two consequences, if India did not withdraw its troops in 1990 and keep violating Sri Lanka’s airspace, it is not improbable that India would have taken over Sri Lanka, it being weakened by so much devastation brought about by the conflict – this would have been disastrous for Sri Lanka’s sovereignty.

Vanessa/4A/23

“Only the Tamils suffered in the conflict in Sri Lanka.”
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.



Level 1
Describe the conflict in Sri Lanka with no reference to the suffering of the Tamils.
Award 1 mark for general description.

e.g. The conflict between the Tamil and Sinhalese occurred because the Tamil felt that they were treated unfairly and so decided to demand for the formation of a new state called Tamil Eelam.(1-2)

Level 2
Agree with the statement that the Tamil suffered and describe their suffering but with no link to the conflict AND/OR disagree with the statement and describe the suffering of the Sinhalese with no link to the conflict.

e.g. The Tamil suffered a lot as they lost their land, the Tamil civil servants lost their jobs if the could not speak Sinhalese and the youth could not go to the University for engineering and medical courses. They also lose their citizenship rights. So I agree that the Tamil suffered.

Or
The Sinhalese suffered as their economy declined. Economic growth did not take place as there was no foreign direct investment which lead to unemployment. Moreover the tourist find Sri Lanka less attractive so they do not come which lead to even more unemployment. In addition, many soldiers in the Sinhalese army and civilians died in the conflict. Thus I disagree with the statement as the Sinhalese suffered too. (3-4)

Level 3
Agree with the statement that the Tamil suffered and explain how the conflict brings about their suffering OR disagree with the statement and explain how the conflict lead to the suffering of the Sinhalese.

Award 5 marks for one explanation of the effect on either the Tamil or the Sinhalese, and an additional mark for further explanations, to a maximum of 7 marks.

Yes, I agree that the Tamil suffered during the conflict. Many Tamil lost their home land when the Sinhalese implemented the resettlement policy. The worst is when India intervene Sri Lanka. India’s intervention was a serious violation of Sri Lanka’s sovereignty. For example, in 1987, the Sri Lankan government was forced by India to sign a peace accord with the LTTE. When the peace accord was broken because the LTTE did not surrender their arms, the Indian government ordered 2000 more Indian troops to fight ethnic Tamil Tigers in the Jaffina Peninsula. This move resulted in even more violence in the country and prolonged the armed conflict. Indian troops and police commandos faced intense combat to the east and northwest of Jaffna town, a stronghold of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the main rebel group. When fighting broke out, the Tamil have to moved out of their home land and become refugees. This brought about suffering for the Tamil and so I agree with the statement that the Tamil suffered in the conflict in Sri Lanka.

OR

In the riots and armed struggles caused by the conflict, many people are killed. Many who are killed are likely to be the Sinhalese from the army or Sinhalese civilian who are killed by the bombs set by the Tamil Tiger. They are usually breadwinners of families, plunging them into poverty and starvation.

The ensuing riots and terrorism also resulted in the destruction of factories and businesses, effectively causing even more employment in the city of Colombo. This vicious cycle of poverty is made worse by the loss of investments from other countries as in times of instability, investors from other countries may not have the confidence to invest in the country. Foreign investment dropped from US$66 million in 1982 to US$39 million in 1983, and a further decline to US$22 million in 1986.

Tourism, one of Sri Lanka’s major income earners, was also seriously damaged by the violent internal conflict. Tourist arrivals steadily decreased after the July 1983 riots. This resulted in a loss of jobs and a fall in foreign exchange earnings. This in turn, affected the economy adversely. There were also lesser funds to develop amenities and facilities for the people, such as transport and housing. As most of these jobs belong to the Sinhalese, I can conclude that the conflict has caused more suffering to the Sinhalese. (5-7)


Level 4
Both elements of L3
Award 8 marks for one explanation each of both the suffering of the Tamil and the Singhalese. Award additional marks for further explanations, to a maximum of 10 marks. 8 - 10


Level 5
L4+ shows how both the suffering of the Tamil and the Sinhalese are interrelated/interdependent.

Award 11 marks for one explanation to show how the two group of people suffered from the conflict. Award additional marks for further explanations to a maximum of 13 marks.

In the conflict in Sri Lanka both the Tamil and Sinhalese suffered especially with the lost of life to the armed conflict. Both sides have men who were killed as soldiers, as guerillas and as innocent civilians. Both could not enjoy peaceful lives as long as the conflict remains. Therefore both the Tamils and Sinhalese suffered in this conflict.
11 - 13

Read the website entitled Sri Lankan families count cost of war .

After reading the article who do you think suffer more?